GROUP MEMBERS Shehza Hashmet Mashael Husain Rizmi Tahir Iqra Javeed Muhammad Usman Muhammad Idress

Functional Organization Fluid Mosaic Model Membrane Proteins Glycocalyx Membrane Disorders

What is plasma membrane?

It is an extremely thin layer of lipids and proteins that forms the outer boundary of every cell and encloses the intracellular contents.

Functional Organization of Plasma membrane

Plasma membrane is composed almost entirely of :

Lipids

Proteins

Carbohydrates

LIPIDS
Approximate consists

percentage is 42

of :

Phospholipids 25% Cholesterol 13% Other lipids 4%

1. PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Having a polar head containing phosphate group and is hydrophilic And two non polar fatty acid chain tails, which are hydrophobic

Phospholipids (cont.) Functions:

They form the basic structure of membrane

They are responsible for the selective permeability of membrane

2. Cholesterol
They are tucked in between the phospholipid molecules

Function :

Membrane fluidity by preventing crystallization and packing together of fatty acid chains stability

3. Other Lipids
A.

Glycolipids
and act as cell identity markers provide energy

B.

Sphingolipids
Signal transmission Cell recognition

Proteins

Aproximatley 55 % of plasma membrane Cell to cell contact Surface recognition Receptors Enzymatic activity Transport of substances

Functions:

Two types of proteins

1.Integral (transmembrane) protein Protude all the way though the membrane Example :
Ion chanals Pumps Receptors

2. Pripheral proteins That are attached to only one surface of the membrane Examples:
Enzymes Hormones

Carbohydrates

Aproximatly 3 % Mostly occur as Glycoproteins and Glycolipi

Carbohydrates form an outer filamentous coating of plasma membrane called the Glycocalyx Helps in cell-to-cell interaction Maintaining normal tissue growth

Fluid Mosaic Model

A model conceived by S.J. Singer and Garth Nicolson in 1972 to describe the structural features of biological membranes.

Name consists of two word

plasma membrane has the consistency of vegetable oil , the proteins and other substances are able to move across it

Proteins and substances such as cholesterol become embedded in the bilayer, giving the membrane the look of

HOW DOES THE MEMBRANE MOVE?

membrane is held in together by weak hydrophobic interactions. Most membrane lipids and some proteins can drift laterally within the membrane Molecules rarely flip transversely (flipflop) across the membrane Most frequent movement is the lateral movement

Membrane Proteins

There are two types of membrane proteins:

1. 2.

Integral proteins Peripheral proteins

1. Integral proteins
Span the lipid bilayer (transmembrane proteins) They have polar and nonpolar region Nonpolar region of protein are embeded in the interior of bilayer

Polar regions of proteins protrude from both sides of bilayer

TYPE OF INTEGRAL PROTEINS: the plasma membrane may provide a variety of.

FUNCTIONS OF INTEGRAL PROTEINS: Channel Protein: Allow a substance to move across the membrane (EX all hydrogen ions to flow across membrane of electron transport chain) Carrier Protein: Selectively interacts with specific molecules or ions so it can cross membrane (EX Sodium and Potassium pump) Cell Recognition Protein: Called glycoproteins, allow cell to be recognized by bodys immune system Receptor Protein: Specifically shaped to a specific molecule (EX liver stores glucose after

FUNCTIONS OF INTEGRAL PROTEINS: (cont.)

Enzymatic Protein: Catalyze specific reactions (EX ATP metabolism) CAMs (Cell Adhesion Molecules) : Protrudes from the membrane and forms loops or hooks by which cells grip each other

2. Pripheral proteins

Anchor to phospholipids in one layer of membrane Posses non polar regions that are inserted in lipid bilayer Are free to move throughout one layer of bilayer They are often attached to the integral proteins

FUNCTIONS OF PERIPHERAL PROTEINS: Proteins located on the inner surface membrane serve as docking-marker acceptors Some peripheral proteins function as membrane- bound enzymes that control specific chemical reaction . Some also serve as receptors.

Glycocalyx

It is the outer coat of the cell membrane

This coat consists of the carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins.

The glycocalyx also includes the celladhesion molecules (CAMs) Usually contains strongly acidic sugars hence it carries a negative charge

Functions of Glycocalyx:
Protection: Cushions the plasma membrane and protects it from chemical injury Immunity to infection: Enables the immune system to recognize and selectively attack foreign organisms Cell adhesion: Binds cells together so that tissues do not fall apart Cell identity: helps cell to recognize each other.

 Embryonic development: Guides embryonic cells to their destinations in the body Negative charge: the negative charge repels other negative object Fertilization: Enables sperm to recognize and bind to eggs

Membrane Disorders
Cell membrane diseases are lifethreatening disorders that are genetic in nature

Cystic fibrosis

it is a recessive genetic disease affecting most critically the lungs, and also the pancreas, liver, and intestine.

A mutation in gene coding for Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) CFTR forms and regulate the Chlorine channals in plasma membrane Absence of CFTR, makes the membrane impermeable to chloride ions

Cystic fibrosis (cont.)

Chlorine transport is closely linked to sodium transport so cells lining the respiratory airways cannot absorbe salt(NaCl) As a result salt accumulates in the fluid lining the airways. This defective salt transport leads to thick and sticky mucus This mucus makes it difficult to get adequate air in and out of the cell.

Heridatory spherocytosis

its is an autohemolytic anemia characterized by the production of red blood cells that are sphereshaped rather than bi-concave disk shaped , and therefore more prone to hemolysis.

Its is due to the deficiency of spectrin, a peripheral protein that forms a meshwork on the cytoplasmic surface
Regions of the membrane break off because they are no longer anchored to cytoskeleton. The remaining membrane reseals spontaneously but after several

Alzheimer's Disease

The oxidative stress caused by Alzheimer's disease in the brain results in phospholipid altercations. Phospholipids are a key component of our cell membranes. These altercations compromise the cell membrane, therefore disrupting the function of the brain cells