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EL-JET 2 Emisiones contaminantes. Catalizador. Sonda lambda Sonda lambda de dos puntos LS/LSH (saltos)
La sonda lambda de dos puntos trabaja segn el principio NERNST* , un elemento cermico especial (dixido de circonio, ZrO2) se vuelve conductor para los iones de oxgeno, a partir de aprox. 350C. Si la parte de oxgeno es diferente por ambos lados de la sonda, se produce una tensin elctrica entre los electrodos de la misma. La proporcin de oxgeno en los gases de escape se emplea como medida de la relacin aire/combustible.
1: Cermica 2: Electrodos 3: Contactos 4: Contactos 5: Gases de escape 6: Proteccin
La tensin entregada alcanza con mezcla rica: (<1) 8001000mV La tensin entregada alcanza con mezcla pobre: (>1) 100mV aprox. Junto con la proporcin de oxgeno en los gases de escape la temperatura del cuerpo cermico desempea un papel fundamental, a temperaturas inferiores a 350C el tiempo de reaccin es de segundos, sin embargo a 600C reacciona con un tiempo <50ms.
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Con una mezcla rica en los gases de escape, la presin del O2 es menor que la atmosfrica. El O2 quiere fluir desde el interior del sensor (atmsfera) hacia los gases de escape. Pero slo los iones del O2 pueden pasar a travs de la cermica cuando el ZrO2 alcanza su conductividad elctrica >300C. Los iones de oxgeno son tomos que tienen 2 electrones extra. Para formarse un in, el tomo de oxgeno toma electrones del electrodo interior, quedando el electrodo interior cargado positivamente. El oxgeno puede entonces pasar a travs de la cermica al lado de baja presin. En el otro lado de la cermica, los iones de oxgeno vuelven a convertirse en tomos neutros por dar los electrones extras al electrodo exterior, el cual se queda cargado negativamente. La diferencia de voltaje entre el electrodo interior cargado positivamente y el exterior cargado negativamente puede ser medido y relaciona para la presin parcial del oxgeno del gas de escape. La mayor diferencia de presin parcial es la mayor diferencia de tensin.
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ECUACIN DE NERNST
R F
900 1.00E-08 800 700 600 500 400 300 1.00E-22 200 100 0 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.00E-24 1.00E-26 1.00E-28 1.35 1.00E-10 1.00E-12 1.00E-14 1.00E-16
Us pO2
1.00E-18 1.00E-20
Lambda ()
1.00E-06
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Gases de escape
O2
HC
Nernst Voltage US
PO2
2-
22-
ZrO2
PO2
Clula de Nernst
13V
Elemento calefactor
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EL-JET 2 Emisiones contaminantes. Catalizador. Sonda lambda Sonda lambda de dixido de titanio TiO2. NTK
La sonda lambda de dixido de Titanio no es directamente un sensor generador de tensin como la sonda lambda de saltos.
Un delgado estrato de dixido de Titanio (TiO2) presenta una brusca variacin de su resistencia interna que depende de la concentracin de oxgeno en los gases de escape. El elemento de Titanio debe de estar en contacto con los gases de escape y no necesita contacto con el aire exterior. Estas sondas estn alimentadas por la unidad de mando de motor a: 1V 5V La variacin de resistencia provoca una cada de tensin en su alimentacin, la unidad de mando de motor mide esta cada de tensin
AA/SEI3 FPP5MD &SDJ5MD | 16/12/2008 | Robert Bosch GmbH 2008. All rights reserved, also regarding any disposal, exploitation, reproduction, editing, distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.
EL-JET 2 Emisiones contaminantes. Catalizador. Sonda lambda Sonda lambda de dixido de titanio TiO2. NTK
R ()
AA/SEI3 FPP5MD &SDJ5MD | 16/12/2008 | Robert Bosch GmbH 2008. All rights reserved, also regarding any disposal, exploitation, reproduction, editing, distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.
EL-JET 2 Emisiones contaminantes. Catalizador. Sonda lambda Sonda lambda de dixido de titanio TiO2. NTK
La resistencia entre los electrodos desciende con un gas de escape rico ya que ms iones libres de oxgeno procedentes del Titanio reacciona con el gas de escape.
Cables sondas lambda de Titanio (I) Rojo elemento calefactor (+) Blanco elemento calefactor (-) Negro seal (-) Amarillo seal (+) Cables sondas lambda de Titanio (II) Gris elemento calefactor (+) Blanco elemento calefactor (-) Negro seal (-) Amarillo seal (+)
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4 Cmo se comprueba la contra tensin? Desconectando la sonda lambda y medir en el cable que viene de la unidad
5 Cules son las principales diferencias de la sonda lambda de dixido de Titanio (TiO2)con respecto a la sonda lambda de dixido de Circonio (ZrO2) ? La sonda de dixido de Titanio no entrega tensin, solamente vara su resistencia, y tampoco necesita una referencia del aire exterior
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1-Tubo protector 4-Tubo soporte cermico 2- Cermica estanqueizante 5-Elemento sensor plano 3-Cuerpo de la sonda 6-Casquillo protector
1-Cermica ZrO2 5-Tubo protector 2-Tuerca 6-Soporte cermico 3-Contactos electrodos 7-Contactos calefactor 4-Elemento calefactor 8-Carcasa metlica
Complementariamente al principio de la clula de Nernst (funcin sonda lambda de dos puntos) existe integrada en la sonda lambda de banda ancha una segunda clula electroqumica, la clula de bombeo. Estas sondas suministran una seal en el campo de 0.7< <
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EL-JET 2 Emisiones contaminantes. Catalizador. Sonda lambda Sonda lambda de banda ancha LSU
1-Capa protectora porosa 2-Electrodo exterior 3-Lmina de sensor 4-Electrodo interior 5-Lmina canal aire de referencia 6-Capa aislante 7-Calefactor 8-Lmina calefactora 9-Contactos de conexin
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1: Gases de escape 3: Calentador 5: Aire de referencia 7: Clula de Nernst 9: Capa de proteccin 11: Barrera de difusin
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AMARILLO 2,5v
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Calefaccin
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En los pines 34 y 35 de la unidad de mando se puede poner el polmetro (en 4mA) y se ve la intensidad de la clula bombeo.
Pin 6 y Pin 5
Pin 6 y masa
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En qumica se entiende como catalizador a aquellas sustancias que estn presentes en una reaccin qumica acelerndola pero sin intervenir en el resultado final. Platino y paladio aceleran la oxidacin CO, HC, rodio acelera la reduccin NOx
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Antes
Despus
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2CO2
4CO2 + 6H2O N2 + 2CO2
2NO2 + 2CO
N2 + 2CO2 + O2
Para que la cuota de conversin del catalizador de tres vas sea lo ms alta posible para los tres elementos contaminantes, stos deben encontrarse en un equilibrio qumico. Eso exige una composicin de la mezcla muy prxima a = 1 ( campo de regulacin lambda ) Se puede decir como trmino medio que un catalizador de tres vas consigue una reduccin eficaz de los contaminantes de ms del 98%
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75 1
3 4 secuencia de la funcin 1 - 4 1 = Control de funcionamiento sin interrupciones 2 = El fallo variable ser corregido 3 = Corregido el fallo variable continuamente 4 = El fallo variable est presente la adaptacin est activa
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entra el fallo
No OK.
La eficacia del catalizador se determina haciendo una comparacin de las seales de las sondas lambdas delantera y trasera
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10 11
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La misin del sistema de ventilacin de los vapores de combustible es impedir que se propaguen a la atmsfera los hidrocarburos provenientes de depsito y del sistema de combustible.
La misin de la recirculacin de los gases de escape es reducir la formacin de los NOx. El gas de escape reconducido , con bajo contenido de oxigeno , causa una bajada de temperatura mxima en la cmara de combustin , con lo que se forma menos xido de nitrgeno.
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