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When you change the way you look at things, the things you look at change.
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 A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Peoples behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important.

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Perception
What is Perception?
How we view and interpret the events and situations in the world about us.

Why is it Important?
Because peoples behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

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Factors that Influence Perception

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Input

Organisation Selection Interpretation

Outputs

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PRINCIPLES OF ORGANISATION

Figure and Ground Principle of Similarity Principle of Proximity Principle of continuity Principle of Closure Principle of Symmetry

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Figure and ground Figure and ground

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Gestalt Approach Figure Ground

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Similarity

Continuity Proximity

Closure
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Symmetry
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The Vertical lines are both the same length.

The center circles are both the same size.

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Perception PPT for PGDM( RM) 2010 Organizational Behavior

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PERCEPTUAL AMBIGUITY

Perception PPT Organizational Behavior for PGDM( RM) 2010

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Word Color Test In this test DO NOT READ the words, say aloud the COLOR of each word.

YELLOW BLUE ORANGE BLACK RED GREEN PURPLE YELLOW RED ORANGE GREEN BLACK BLUE RED PURPLE GREEN BLUE ORANGE
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Wavy Squares? No! The background of concentric circles makes the squares appear distorted.

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What is attribution theory?

Attribution theory aids in perceptual

interpretation by focusing on how people attempt to:

Understand the causes of a certain event. Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the

event. Evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved in the event.

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Our perception and judgment of others is significantly influenced by our assumptions of the other persons internal state.
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Internal causes are under that persons control External causes are not person forced to act in that way

Attribution Theory: Judging Others

Causation judged through:

Distinctiveness -Shows different behaviors in different situations. Consensus - Response is the same as others to Organizational Behavior for PGDM( RM) 2010 Perception PPT same situation.

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Elements of Attribution Theory

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Causes of Behavior
Internal factors Personal characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., ability, effort) External factors Environmental characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., task difficulty, good/bad luck) Organizational Behavior for PGDM( RM) Perception PPT

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Kelleys Attribution Model

Consensus Involves the comparison of an individuals behavior with that of his or her peers Low High
Individual Performance Individual Performance

People

People

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Kelleys Theory of Attribution

Distinctiveness is determined by comparing a persons behavior on one task with his or her behavior on other tasks.
Low
Individual Performance Individual Performance

High

B C D Tasks

B C Tasks

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Kelleys Theory of Attribution

Consistency is determined by judging if the individuals performance on a given task is consistent over time.
Low High

Individual Performance

Time

Individual Performance

Time
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How Kelleys Model Works

External Attribution High consensus High distinctiveness Low consistency Internal Attribution Low consensus Low distinctiveness High consistency
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Test Your Knowledge

Nadias performance is declining. Her peers performance hasnt changed, it is occurring on several tasks, and has occurred for the past six months. This represents: 1. High (A) or Low (B) consensus 2. High (A) or Low (B) distinctiveness 3. High (A) or Low (B) consistency 4. The attribution her supervisor is likely to make is a. Internal b. External
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Errors and Biases in Attributions

Fundamental Attribution Error

The

tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others We blame people first, not the situation

Self-Serving Bias
The

tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors Organizational Behavior It is our success for PGDM( RM) 2010 failure Perception PPT but their

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Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others

Selective Perception - People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience, and attitudes Halo Effect- Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic Contrast Effects - Evaluation of a persons characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics

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Projection: The tendency to attribute ones own characteristics to other people. Stereotyping - Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that person belongs a prevalent and often useful, if not always accurate, generalization
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Specific Shortcut Applications in Organizations

Employment Interview Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy of interviewers judgments of applicants Formed in a single glance 1/10 of a second! Performance Expectations Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect): The lower or higher performance of employees reflects preconceived leader expectations about employee capabilities Performance Evaluations Appraisals are often the subjective (judgmental) perceptions of appraisers of another employees job performance Critical impact on employees

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