Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Amrica Latina
Poblacin: Population <15 yo: Live birth/year: Under 5 mortality rate: Prevalence of Blindness: Number of blind children: Estimated % preterm babies BW 1500g: Access to NICU: Survival rate: Number of babies tu screen/year: If 10% present prethreshold 2 or threshold: 500.000.000 30% - 150.000.000 10.000.000 40 0.5/1.000 75.000 1% 70% - 70.000 60% 42.000 4.200 treatments needed/year
La prematurez
General Miopa Pseudoestrabismo Dficit visual cortical (DVC) Estrabismo infantil Hemangioma capilar Retinopata del prematuro (ROP)
Miopa
La prematurz
General Miopa Pseudoestrabismo Dficit visual cortical (DVC) Estrabismo infantil Hemangioma capilar Retinopata del prematuro (ROP)
Pseudoestrabismo
La prematurz
General Miopa Pseudoestrabismo Dficit visual cortical (DVC) Estrabismo infantil Hemangioma capilar Retinopata del prematuro (ROP)
Atrofia ptica
La prematurz
General Miopa Pseudoestrabismo Dficit visual cortical (DVC) Estrabismo infantil Hemangioma capilar Retinopata del prematuro (ROP)
La prematurz
General Miopa Pseudoestrabismo Dficit visual cortical (DVC) Estrabismo infantil Hemangioma capilar Retinopata del prematuro (ROP)
Qu es?
- Retinopata del Prematuro es una reaccin fibro-vascular: 1. Una retina inmadura 2. Niveles de oxgeno no bajo control
Z1
+
Z2
Z3
Stage V ROP
ROP: Incidencia
Porcentaje de nios que llegan a Estado 3 < 750g 750 1000g 1000 1250g 37 54% 19 30% 3 9%
Prevencin de ROP
- Limitacin de Oxgeno
Pao2 < 11kpa La saturacin arterial O2 < 95% (Ohmeda) Evitar la fluctuacin de O2
2. ROP que no podemos evitar Actualmente, a pesar del mejor cuidado neonatal, un 50% de los nios nacidos a las 25 semanas presentaran estadio 3 de ROP
Tratamiento
Originalmente crioterapia Lser argon Lser diode para destruir la retina avascular
Crioterapia
antes
despues
Lser
contactos
en
El referal atrasado
1. Enfermedad Plus en Zona 1 2. 3 continuo horas del reloj o 5 horas no continuo de Etapa III en Zona 2 3. Mucha proliferacin fibrovascular en Zona 3
Gracias
- Pre-eclampsia:
prevent the disease from occurring in the first place - reduces the incidence of the condition early identification and treatment, to prevent the consequences of the disease - reduces the incidence of disability from the condition Interventions to restore function - reduces the prevalence on the disability
- Secondary prevention:
- Tertiary prevention:
good antenatal care (e.g. detection and treatment of infection) prevent teenage pregnancies (26% mothers <20 years old in a recent screening prog study in Ecuador) prevent multiple births good obstetric care avoid unnecessary Caesarian sections (?)
monitoring blood gases, but optimal oxygen saturation during first 4 weeks after birth not known systemic steroids prior to preterm delivery vitamin E (risk vs benefit) D penecillamine Oxygen saturation levels (BOOST trial) surfactants light restriction vitamin A supplementation
- Controversial:
- Screening:
increasing oxygen saturation in babies with threshold disease gave essentially negative findings to identify babies with threshold, or pre threshold disease by peripheral retinal ablation by cryotherapy or laser
- Treatment:
Tertiary prevention:
- No clinical trials:
some surgeons operate on Stages 4A, 4B most surgeons do not now operate on Stage 5 in Europe as functional results so poor
Awareness in the community Good antenatal care Good obstetric care Meticulous neonatal care, particularly with respect to oxygenation vital role of nurses Screening babies at risk neonatologists identify babies to be examined Timely treatment of those with high risk ROP Follow up of preterm babies
Resultados
Tabela 2. Caractersticas dos recm-nascidos examinados no IFF-FIOCRUZ entre 1998-2003
Grupo I Critrio Grupo II Grupo III PN 2.000g e/ou IG < 37 sem 100 45 1 2% 700g 27 sem 421 306 21 Total PN 1.500g PN < 1.750g e/ou IG < 33 sem 173 173 13 7.4% 1.025g 29 sem 148 88 7 8% 971g 28 sem
Total examinados Total examinados 1.500g No de RNs com ROP limiar %ROP limiar RNs 1.500g PN mdio RNs com ROP limiar IG mdia RNs com ROP limiar
Factores de Riesgo
Fluctuacin de O2 Sepsis Hipoxia
Deficiencia de Vitamina E
Acidosis
Hemorragia Intraventricular
Transfusiones
EPIDEMIOLOGA
Prevalencia de Ceguera
0.2%
0.7% 1.0%+
0.4%
Fuente:
Ceguera infantil
48.500.000
1.500.000
Adultos Nios
300.000 Africa
200.000
El resto del mundo
100.000 Sudamrica
Fuente: AAO;OMS
AAO
Fuente: OMS
1000000
4.000
LA 25 % ROP
120
3%
30
Umbral 10 %
5.827.000
40.000
LA 25 % ROP
1200
3%
300
Umbral 10 %
15 nios ciegos x ao
Retina en desarrollo = mayor demanda metablica Hipoxia relativa = Secrecin de VEGF Vasculognesis retiniana normal O2 suplementario = inhibicin de VEGF Regresin de capilares Hipoxia = Sobrerregulacin de VEGF Vasoproliferacin anormal
Patognesis
Examen de 7, 230 nios en escuelas de ciegos en 30 pases. ( Datos ( excepto Europa) recogidos
usando la clasificacin de la OMS )
% RDP
5 aos
69 aos
Situacin en Paraguay
Poblacin 5.827.100
Nacimientos x ao
180.057
1729
1210
Supervivencia 60%
726
36 ciegos x ao
73
Umbral 10%
Datos Estadsticos
Escuela de Ciegos en Paraguay - En 1992, ROP fue responsable del 18% de los casos de ceguera infantil - En 1994, esa proporcin subi al 33% - Y En 2003, 32%
Cuadro Clnico
Diagnstico
Localizacin
Severidad
I II III IV V
Plus
Umbral
ROP cicatricial
Tratamiento
Tratamiento
Tratamiento
Introflexin escleral
Vitrectoma
Prevencin
Tamizaje
Edad Gestacional
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
N = 83
Peso
N = 83
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 <750gr 7501000gr 10011250gr 12511500gr 15011750gr 17512000gr >2000gr
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12
0 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Tamizaje
Screening Peso > 1500grs EPM > 32 semanas NO Peso < 1500grs EPM < 32 semanas SI Cada 2 semanas desde la 4 sem. hasta: Umbral Tratamiento Vasos en zona III
Threshold disease
- Level of RoP at which 50% of babies have poor outcome Stage III+ 5 contiguous hours, or 8 total hours - Following ET-RoP study, also treat Zone 1 any Stage III, or any Stage I+ or II+ Zone 2 any Stage II+ or III+ - Must treat within 72 hrs of diagnosis
Treatment
- Cryotherapy
More destructive Leads to chemosis Needs full G/A Equally effective Less destructive Less sedation needed
- Laser
Treatment effectiveness
- Cryo-RoP
Threshold
Pre-Threshold
Screening
- RoP must be detected and treated before there are symptoms - Can only be achieved by screening - Identify population at risk - Use accurate and safe method to identify cases
US screening criteria
Birth weight < 1.501g Gestational age <28/40 10 exam: 4-6 weeks after delivery or 31-33/40
UK screening criteria
Birth weight < 1.501g Gestational age <31/40 10 exam: 6-7 weeks after delivery
Screening criteria
- What is right for Latin America?
Screening methods
- Examine with indirect ophthalmoscope Dilated pupil ?speculum - Leave baby in incubator - Neonatologist has clinical responsibility - Must have screening record - Screen every 2 weeks until vessels reach peripheral retina More often if RoP present
Follow-up
- Management doesnt end with laser - Late complications