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COLONIALISM

PORTUGUESE + DUTCH ARCHITECTURE AND THEIR INFLUENCE

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What is Colonialism? Portuguese Colonies
-A Famosa - St Pauls Cathedral

Dutch Colonies
- Stadthuys

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English Colonies

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LECTURE OUTLINE

COLONIALISM
Colonialism is the extension of a nation's sovereignty over territory beyond its borders by the establishment of either settler colonies or administrative dependencies in which indigenous populations are directly ruled or displaced. Colonizing nations generally dominate the resources, labor, and markets of the colonial territory, and may also impose socio-cultural, religious and linguistic structures on the conquered population It is essentially a system of direct political, economic and cultural intervention by a powerful country in a weaker one Colonialism was often based on the ethnocentric belief that the morals and values of the colonizer were superior to those of the colonized.

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What is Colonialism?

COLONIALISM
Normally refers to a period from 15th to 20th Century Reason for Colonialism? To make profit To expand the power of the metropole To escape persecution in the metropole To convert the indigenous population to the colonists religion.

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What is Colonialism?

COLONIALISM
Among the early colonist were the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans Modern colonialism started with the Age of Discovery Portugal and Spain discovered new lands across the oceans and built trading posts. These new lands were divided between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire

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What is Colonialism?

Impact of Colonialism
Impact on Health - smallpox, measles etc - use as bio-terrorism Food Security - global exchange of previously local crops and livestock breed. Slave Trade - the migration of small population for slavery.

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What is Colonialism?

Portuguese Colonies Dutch Colonies English Colonies

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Portuguese Colonialism
First global empire in history. Had financial and religious motives behind their exploration. By finding the source of the spice trade, the Portuguese could reap its profit for themselves. Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 - All lands west of a meridian only 100 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Spain while new lands discovered east would belong to Portugal. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope In 1498, Vasco da Gama, set foot in Goa. In April 1511, Alfonso de Albuquerque sailed to Malacca, the most important east point in the trade network where Malay met Gujarati, Chinese, Japanese, Javanese, Bengali, Persian and Arabic traders, among others.

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Portuguese Colonies

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Portuguese Colonies

Immediately after Malacca fell, the Portuguese used forced labour to built a temporary fort to counter Malay attacks, while they worked on the main fort. The fort was offiicially called Fortaleza de Malaca.

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A Famosa

Building activities of the Portuguese converted Melaka into a Christian town. Many Masonry buildings 5 Churches, several chapels, a monastery, 2 Hospitals & 2 Palaces.

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A Famosa

The building material was obtained by dismantling Malay graves, mosques, and other buildings. The completed fortress had 4 towers, and walls that were 2.4 metres thick.

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A Famosa

Four gateways were built for the city; 1. Porta de Santiago 2. The gateway of the Custom House Terrace 3. Porta de San Domingos 4. Porta de San Antonio Of these four gateways only two were in common use and open to traffic, the Gate of San Antonio linking to the suburb of Yler and the western gate at the Custom House Terrace, giving access to Tranqueira and its bazaar.

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A Famosa

By 1583, Malacca had become a fortified city protected by 70 canons aimed in all directions. COLONIALISM

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A Famosa

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Fortress Cathedral Town Hall Prison Pauper Hospital Royal Hospital Bishops Palace

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Malacca, 1613 Malacca, 1630

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2 3

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Malacca and the Portuguese

It was also during this period that Malacca developed town planning and drainage of the surrounding area.
The town was divided into two parts. The Portuguese governor and administrators lived within the fort while the generation population lived opposite, on the other side of the river.

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Malacca and the Portuguese

Characteristics of Portuguese Colonies: Cities: 1. Location where suitable for defense and for the construction of a port. The best would be an island or peninsular back by a hill. 2. Built road according to the terrain. Not many flat land, causing roads to be ununiformed. 3. The lower part of the hill that faces the sea would be located the Governors House, churches overseeing the port. Higher up would be the upper class residential areas. Areas closer to the sea would be for the more common people, like peasants and commercial infrastructures. Houses: 1. In the earlier days, houses were built facing the road. As the population increase, they would be grouped together. 2. They focused on the middle / back living area. 3. Theres usually a verandah, with trees and vegetation for a cooler micro climate. 4. They enjoy comfort, and usually employed servants.

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Portuguese Colonies

St. Paul's Hill was originally Malacca Hill.


It was renamed Monti Ali Maria, or Mary's Hill after the Portuguese took over it.

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St Pauls Church

The St. Paul's Church, on top of the hill of the same name, was originally a chapel.

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St Pauls Church

It was known to the Portuguese as the Chapel of the Mother of God (Madre de Deus) or Our Lady of the Hill (Nossa Senhora do Oiteiro).

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St Pauls Church

According to 16th century Portuguese chronicler, Joo de Barros, it was not built by the Portuguese administrators, though, but by a Portuguese fidalgo (nobleman) called Duarte Coelho. COLONIALISM

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St Pauls Church

When his ship miraculously escaped a tempest in the South China Sea. As an act of gratitude, he erected a chapel on top of the Malacca Hill, dedicating it to Our Lady of Grace (Nassa Senhora da Annunciada) in 1520-21.

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St Pauls Church

Portuguese Settlement in Malacca


The Portuguese Settlement is a Kristang, five km from Malacca. The Kristang are a Malaysian ethnic group with mixed Portuguese and Malay and for some possibly Indian or Chinese ancestry, which arose during the Portuguese colonial period (16th to 17th century). In 1933, 11 hectares of land at Malacca were purchased with the purpose of creating a haven for scattered Kristang and their culture. Saint John's village, as that simple fishing village was originally known, soon attracted additional Kristang from all over Malaysia, and grew to become one of Malacca's main tourist attractions, improving the standard of living of its villagers.

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Portuguese Settlement

Portuguese Colonies Dutch Colonies English Colonies

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The Portuguese merged with the Spanish which caused them to be attacked by the Dutch & English.
This caused the Seven Years War that ended in 1763. The Dutch captured Malacca on the west coast in 1641 from the Portuguese. The longest period of Malacca under foreign control 183 years. However, the Dutch prefered Batavia as their economic and administrative center.

The hold on Malacca was to prevent loss to other European powers .


Thus in the 17th century, with Malacca ceased to be an important port, the Johor Sultanate became the dominant local power.

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Dutch Colonialism

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Dutch Colonies

As per the agreement with Johor in 1606, the Dutch took control of Malacca and agreed not to seek territories or wage war with the Malay kingdoms. They did however rebuilt the damaged fortifications and cleared the ruined buildings. Churches and monasteries were converted into hospitals and arsenals.

The Dutch occupation of Malacca extended the range of building types in the town. Where the Portuguese concentrated on the construction of fortifications and churches, the Dutch built comfortable brick houses and a large administrative building.

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Malacca and the Dutch

The Stadthuys means the Municipal Town Hall in Dutch.

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Stadthuys

The oldest and biggest Dutch colonial building in Southeast Asia.

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Stadthuys

Construction began around 1641.

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Stadthuys

Took closely 20years to complete building materials were imported from Netherlands.

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Stadthuys

Served as the civic centre in the town. COLONIALISM

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Stadthuys

Recent excavation revealed that beneath the Stadthuys there used to be a Portuguese settlement. COLONIALISM

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Stadthuys

Housed the Dutch Governer and his numerous aides.

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Stadthuys

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