WCDMA Fundamentals

WCDMA Fundamentals
3GRPESS MODULE 1
I insert classification level 1 Nokia Siemens Networks
3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals

Objectives
After this module the participant shall be able to: Understand the main cellular standards and allocated frequency bands Understand the main properties of WCDMA air interface including HSPA technology Recognize the main Nokia RRM functions and their main tasks
Nokia Siemens Networks
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands Main properties of UMTS Air Interface Overview of Nokia Radio Resource Management (RRM)
HSPA technology
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands
Standardisation of 3G cellular networks IMT-2000 frequency allocations UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface Overview of Nokia Radio Resource Management (RRM) HSPA technology
Standardisation of 3G cellular networks

ITU (Global guidelines and recommendations)
IMT-2000: Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications
3GPP is a co-operation between standardisation bodies

ETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), ATIS (North America) and TTA (South Korea)
GSM
EDGE
UMTS
WCDMA - FDD WCDMA - TDD
TD-SCDMA
3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodies

ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), TIA (North America) and TTA (South Korea)
CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1x CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
IMT-2000 frequency allocations

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
Mobile Satellite
IMT-2000
ITU
UMTS (TDD)
IMT-2000
UMTS (TDD)
GSM 1800
UMTS (FDD)
Mobile Satellite
Europe
UMTS (FDD)
IMT-2000 (TDD) UMTS (TDD)
Mobile Satellite
IMT-2000
Japan
IMT-2000
PCS unlicensed
Mobile Satellite
PCS
PCS
USA
Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
PHS
Mobile Satellite
DECT
Mobile Satellite
UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution

Release 99
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX 1920 1980 MHz 1850 1910 MHz 1710-1785 MHz 1710-1755 MHz 824-849MHz 830-840 MHz 2500-2570 MHz 880-915 MHz 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 2110 2170 MHz 1930 1990 MHz 1805-1880 MHz 2110-2155 MHz 869-894MHz 875-885 MHz 2620-2690 MHz 925-960 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz UMTS only in Europe, Japan US PCS, GSM1900 GSM1800 US 2.1 GHz band US cellular, GSM850 Japan
New in Release 5
New in Release 6
New in Release 7
GSM900 Japan
Not supported by RU10 RAN
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
UMTS Air interface technologies WCDMA FDD WCDMA vs. GSM CDMA principle Processing gain WCDMA codes and bit rates
Overview of Nokia Radio Resource Management (RRM) HSPA technology
UMTS Air Interface technologies

UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions
WCDMA FDD WCDMA TDD
WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution

FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number of networks

TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency
Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA FDD solution, basic planning principles apply to both technologies
WCDMA FDD technology

Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
All cells at same carrier frequency Spreading codes used to separate cells and users Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz
Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies
Compatibility with GSM technology

Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS
10
WCDMA Technology
Frequency
f 5 MHz
WCDMA Carrier
3.84 MHz
Users share same time and frequency
5+5 MHz in FDD mode 5 MHz in TDD mode
Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
Time
WCDMA 5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM) 5 MHz, 25 carriers
11
UMTS & GSM Network Planning
GSM900/1800:
3G (WCDMA):
12
Differences between WCDMA & GSM

High bit rates
WCDMA Carrier spacing Frequency reuse factor Power control frequency Quality control Frequency diversity 5 MHz 1 1500 Hz Radio resource management algorithms 5 MHz bandwidth gives multipath diversity with Rake receiver Load-based packet scheduling Supported for improving downlink capacity GSM 200 kHz 118 2 Hz or lower Network planning (frequency planning) Frequency hopping
Services with Different quality requirements
Packet data Downlink transmit diversity
Timeslot based scheduling with GPRS Not supported by the standard, but can be applied
Efficient packet data

13 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network

1 - 10 km
F3 F2 F2 F3
200 - 500 m 50 - 100 m
F1
Macro BTS
Micro BTS
F3
Pico BTSs
14
CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols

Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)
+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip
Spreading Code
Chip
+1
-1
Spread Signal
+1 -1
Air Interface
+1 -1 +1
Data
-1
15
Energy Box
Energy per bit = Eb = const
Originating Bit Received Bit
Duration (t = 1/Rb) Higher spreading factor Wider frequency band Lower power spectral density BUT Same Energy per Bit
16
Spreading & Processing Gain

Power density (Watts/Hz)
User bit rate
Unspread narrowband signal
Spread wideband signal
Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
W const 3.84 Mchip

Processing gain:
sec
W G p dB R
17
Processing Gain Examples

Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
R
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=24.98 dB Spreading sequences have a different length Processing gain depends on the user data rate
Frequency (Hz)
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

R
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=10 dB
Frequency (Hz)
Transmission Power
Power density
High bit rate user

Frequency
5MHz
Low bit rate user

Time
19
WCDMA Codes
In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading operation
Channelisation code Scrambling code
Channelisation code
DL: separates physical channels of different users and common channels, defines physical channel bit rate
UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel bit rate
Scrambling code
DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency UL: separates users
20
DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA

CHANNELISATION codes:
CODE 1
Pilot Radio frame = 15 time slots
P-CPICH Pilot X
CODE 2
BCCH User 1 User 2
BCCH
P-CCPCH
X
CODE 3
User 3 SUM
User 1
X
CODE 4
DPCH1
+
SCRAMBLING CODE X
Time
User 2
X
CODE 5
DPCH2
3.84 MHz RF carrier
User 3
DPCH3
RF
3.84 MHz bandwidth

DL & UL Channelisation Codes

Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)
SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512} SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}
Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the code set equals 0
In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost Interference between users of same cell
Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation between different channels can be guaranteed
Downlink channels under one cell Uplink channels from a single user
Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an asynchronous environment
Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL
22
Channelisation Code Tree

SF= 1 SF= 2 SF= 4
C4(0)=[1111] C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1] C2(0)=[11] C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]
SF= 8
C8(0)=[11111111]
SF=1 6 C16(0)=[.........
...
SF=25 SF=51 6 2
C4(1)=[11-1-1] C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C0(0)=[1 ] C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1] C4(2)=[1-11-1] C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11] C2(1)=[1-1] C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11] C4(3)=[1-1-11] C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
...] C16(1)=[......... ...] C16(2)=[......... ...] C16(3)=[......... ...] C16(4)=[......... ...] C16(5)=[......... ...] C16(6)=[......... ...] C16(7)=[......... ...] C16(8)=[......... ...] C16(9)=[......... ...] C16(10)=[......... ..] C16(11)=[........... ] C16(12)=[....... ....] C16(13=[........ ...] C16(14)=[....... ....] C16(15)=[....... ....]
23
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)

S preading factor C hannel symbol rate (ksps) 7.5 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 2880 C hannel bit rate (kbps) 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 1920 5760 DP H DC channel bit rate range (kbps) 36 1224 4251 90 210 432 912 1872 5616 Maximum user data rate with rate coding (approx.) 13 kbps Half rate speech 612 kbps Full rate speech 2024 kbps 45 kbps 105 kbps 128 kbps 215 kbps 384 kbps 456 kbps 936 kbps 2.3 Mbps 2 Mbps
512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 4, with 3 parallel codes
W RSymbol SF
24 Nokia Siemens Networks
Rb _ phy 2 RSymbol
(QPSK modulation)
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL) - HSDPA

3GPP Release 5 standards introduced enhanced DL bit rates with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology
Shared high bit rate channel between users High peak bit rates
Simultaneous usage of up to 15 DL channelisation codes (In HSDPA SF=16)

Higher order modulation scheme (16-QAM) Higher bit rate in same band
16-QAM provides 4 bits per symbol 960 kbit/s / code physical channel peak rate
HSDPA
Coding rate Coding rate 1/4 QPSK 2/4 3/4 2/4 16QAM 3/4 5 codes 600 kbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 10 codes 1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 4.8 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 15 codes 1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.7 Mbps
4/4
4.8 Mbps
9.6 Mbps
14.4 Mbps
Physical Layer Bit Rates (UL) - HSUPA

3GPP Release 6 standards introduced enhanced UL bit rates with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSUPA) technology
Fast allocation of available UL capacity for users High peak bit rates
Simultaneous usage of up to 2+2 UL channelisation codes (In HSUPA SF=2 4)
Coding rate 1/2 3/4 4/4
1 x SF4 480 kbps 720 kbps 960 kbps
2 x SF4 960 kbps 1.46 Mbps 1.92 Mbps
2 x SF2 1.92 Mbps 2.88 Mbps 3.84 Mbps
2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4 2.88 Mbps 4.32 Mbps 5.76 Mbps
26
DL & UL Scrambling Codes

DL Scrambling Codes Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation
512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated

Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms radio frame Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips are periodically repeated to get the scrambling code of the frame length
Short codes enable advanced receiver structures in future
27
Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation

Scrambling code C1
C1+2
Scrambling code C2
UE has simultaneous connection to two cells (soft handover)

RAKE Receiver
Cell-1 Rx Cell-1 Rx Cell-1 Rx Cell-2 Rx t Delay 1 Delay 2 Code used for the connection Delay 3 Finger Finger Finger Output Finger
Combination or multipath components and signal from different cells

Channelisation and Scrambling Codes

Channelisation code Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data (DPDCH) and control channels (DPCCH) from same terminal Downlink: Separation of downlink connections to different users within one cell Length 4256 chips (1.066.7 s) Downlink also 512 chips Different bit rates by changing the length of the code Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling code = spreading factor Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2) 66.7 s = 256 chips Option (2) can be used with advanced base station receivers Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips Uplink: 16.8 million Downlink: 512 Long 10 ms code: Gold code Short code: Extended S(2) code family Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission bandwidth Scrambling code Uplink: Separation of mobile Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
Code family
30
Module Contents
Load control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler Resource Manager Power Control Handover Control
HSPA technology
31
Radio Resource Management

RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio resources:
Transmission power and interference Logical codes
The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done all the time
Minimum required quality for each user (nothing less and nothing more) Maximum number of users
The radio resources are continuously monitored and optimised by several RRM functionalities
service quality
Optimization and Tailoring
cell coverage
cell capacity
RRM Functionalities
LC Load Control
LC RM
PS AC
For each cell
AC Admission Control PS Packet Scheduler RM Resource Manager PC Power Control HC HO Control
PC
HC
For each connection/user
33
Load Control (LC)

LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS LC updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC and PS
Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;

Interference levels (UL) BTS power level (DL) Load change info
AC
LC
Load status
NRT load
PS
34
Load Control Load Status

Load thresholds set by radio network planning parameters
Overload threshold x Load Target threshold y
Overload
Load Margin
Normal load Power
Time
Free capacity
Measured load
35
Admission Control (AC)

Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned coverage or quality of existing connections Admission control handles three main tasks
Admission decision of new connections
Take into account current load conditions (from LC) and load increase by the new connection
Real-time higher priority than non-real time

In overload conditions no new connections admitted
Connection QoS definition

Bit rate, BER target etc.
Connection specific power allocation (Initial, maximum and minimum power)
36
Packet Scheduler (PS)

PS allocates available capacity after real-time (RT) connections to non-real time (NRT) connections
Each cell separately
Based on QoS priority level of the connection

In overload conditions bit rates of NRT connections decreased
PS selects allocated channel type (common, dedicated or HSPA) PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and LC Capacity allocated on a needs basis using best effort approach
RT higher priority
37
Resource Manager (RM)

Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in co-operation with AC and PS On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:
DL spreading code UL scrambling code
Code Type Scrambling codes
Uplink User separation
Downlink Cell separation
Users within one cell Spreading codes Data & control channels from same UE
38
Power control (PC) in WCDMA

Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance particularly in UL;
UEs transmit continuously on same frequency Always interference between users Poor PC leads to increased interference reduced capacity
Every UE accessing network increase interference

PC target to minimise the interference Minimize transmit power of each link while still maintaining the link quality (BER)
Mitigates 'near far effect in UL by providing minimum required power for each connection Power control has to be fast enough to follow changes in propagation conditions (fading)
Step up/down 1500 times/second
39
Uplink power control target

Minimise required UL received power minimised UL transmit power and interference
Target: min(Prx1) & min(Prx2) About equal when Rb1 = Rb2 Ptx1 Ptx1
UE1
UE2
40
Power Control types

Power control functionality can be divided to three main types Open loop power control
Initial power calculation based on DL pilot level/pathloss measurement by UE
Outer (closed) loop power control

Connection quality measurement (BER, BLER) and comparison to QoS target RF quality target (SIR target) setting for fast closed loop PC based on connection quality
Fast closed loop power control

Radio link RF quality (SIR) measurement and comparison to RF quality target (SIR target)
Power control command transmission based on RF quality evaluation

Change of transmit power according to received power control command
41
Power Control types
Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)
MS
Closed Loop Power Control
BS
DL Outer Loop Power Control
UL Outer Loop Power Control
RN C
BLER target
42
Power control in HSPA

In HSDPA (DL) the transmit power from base station is kept constant and the signal modulation and coding is adapted according to the channel conditions
2 ms interval 500 Hz
In HSUPA (UL)
The power control of HSUPA channels in UL utilise both
Outer loop power control
Both work according to similar principles as the dedicated channel power control
43
Handover Control (HC)

HC is responsible for:
Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around the network coverage area
Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell
Soft handover
MS handover between different base stations
Softer handover
MS handover within one base station but between different sectors
Hard handover
MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA and GSM
44
Soft/softer handover
UE is simultaneously connected to 2 to 3 cells during soft handover Soft handover is performed based on UE cell pilot power measurements and handover thresholds set by radio network planning parameters Radio link performance is improved during soft handover Soft handover consumes base station and transmission resources
BS1 Received signal strength
Soft handover
Threshold
BS1
BS2
BS3
BS2
BS3 Distance from BS1
45
Hard handover
Hard handovers are typically performed between WCDMA frequencies and between WCDMA and GSM cells GSM/GPRS GSM/GPRS
Inter-System handovers (ISHO)
f1
f1
Inter-Frequency handovers (IFHO)
f2
f2
f2
f2
46
Module Contents
HSPA technology
47
HSDPA Overview
15 Code Shared transmission
16QAM Modulation
TTI = 2 ms
Hybrid ARQ with incr. redundancy
Fast Link Adaptation
Advanced Scheduling
Benefit Higher Downlink Peak rates: 14 Mbps Higher Capacity: +100-200% Reduced Latency: ~75 ms
48
HSUPA Overview
1-4 Code Multi-Code transmission
TTI = 10 ms
Hybrid ARQ with incr. redundancy
Fast Power Control
NodeB ControlledS cheduling
Benefit Higher Uplink Peak rates: 2.0 Mbps Higher Capacity: +50-100% Reduced Latency: ~50-75 ms
49
HSxPA Motivation and General Principle

Improved performance and spectral efficiency in DL and UL by introducing a shared channel principle:
Significant enchancement with peak rates up to 14.4 Mbps (28 Mbps in Rel7) in DL, and 2 Mbps (11.5 Mbps with 16QAM) in UL
Huge capacity increase per site; no site pre-planning necessary Improved end user experience: reduced delay/latency, high response time
Rel. 99 Dedicated pipe for every UE HSUPA (3GPP Rel6) Dedicated pipe for every UE in UL Pipe (codes and grants) changing with time E-DCH scheduling HSDPA (3GPP Rel5)
Fast pipe is shared among UEs

UL DCH vs HSDPA vs HSUPA Concepts

HSUPA is like reversed HSDPA, except HSDPA Modulation Soft handover Fast power control Scheduling Non-scheduled transmission QPSK and 16-QAM No No Point to multipoint No HSUPA BPSK and Dual-BPSK Yes Yes Multipoint to point Yes, for minimum/ guaranteed bit rate Efficient UE power amplifier Required for near-far avoidance
Scheduling cannot be as fast as in HSDPA

Similar to R99 DCH but with HARQ
HSUPA could be better described as Enhanced DCH in the uplink than reversed HSDPA HSUPA (E-DCH) is an uplink DCH with BTS-based HARQ and scheduling and true multicode support Feature Variable spreading factor Multicode transmission Fast power control Soft handover Adaptive modulation BTS based scheduling Fast L1 HARQ
DCH Yes Yes

(No in practice)
HSUPA Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
HSDPA No Yes No No
(associated DCH only)
Yes Yes No No No
Yes Yes Yes
Power control in HSPA

In HSDPA (DL) the transmit power from base station is kept constant and the signal modulation and coding is adapted according to the channel conditions
2 ms interval 500 Hz
In HSUPA (UL)
The power control of HSUPA channels in UL utilise both
Outer loop power control
Both work according to similar principles as the dedicated channel power control
52
HSPA mobility
HSDPA
Soft handover on associated DCH channels (signalling, UL data) Serving cell change for HSDPA data channel
Connected only to one cell at a time
Notice that soft/softer handover is not supported for HS-SCCH/HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH Serving HS-DSCH cell HS-PDSCH DPCH DPCH
HSUPA
Soft handover utilised for uplink channels as required due to near-far problem Only Serving Cell can allocate more UL capacity/power
53
Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals

Summary Radio interface technology of UMTS is WCDMA with FDD and TDD versions WCDMA networks can be built on European, US-based and Asian/Japanese frequency bands WCDMA air interface utilises combination of two spreading codes Radio Resource Management is responsible of efficient utilisation of radio resources while offering required quality of service to users HSPA technology can provide higher air interface efficiency
54

WCDMA Fundamentals

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WCDMA Fundamentals

I insert classification level 1 Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals

Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Standardisation of 3G cellular networks

3GPP is a co-operation between standardisation bodies

3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodies

Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

IMT-2000 frequency allocations

IMT-2000 (TDD) UMTS (TDD)

Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution

Not supported by RU10 RAN

Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Overview of Nokia Radio Resource Management (RRM) HSPA technology

Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

UMTS Air Interface technologies

WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution

WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number of networks

Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

WCDMA FDD technology

Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

Compatibility with GSM technology

Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Users share same time and frequency

5+5 MHz in FDD mode 5 MHz in TDD mode

Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA

WCDMA 5 MHz, 1 carrier

TDMA (GSM) 5 MHz, 25 carriers

Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

UMTS & GSM Network Planning

Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Differences between WCDMA & GSM

Services with Different quality requirements

Packet data Downlink transmit diversity

Efficient packet data

Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network

Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols

Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Nokia Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Spreading & Processing Gain

User bit rate

Unspread narrowband signal

Spread wideband signal