Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ELECTRICITY
energy
All electrical appliances conver
_________ electrical
_________ into
t form of energy.
another, more _________
useful
Electrical energy (__________)
is produced because easy
it is
electricity
produceto __________,
transport
control
conver
_______
__________, __________,
and
t
Appliance
Energy Conversions
__________.
Radiant Heater
Fan Heater
Light Bulb
Main
Electrical
-> Heat Energy
Purpose:
energy -> Light Energy (glowing)
Waste:Electrical
-> Sound Energy
energy
-> Heat Energy
Main
Electrical (humming)
-> Kinetic Energy
Purpose:
energy
Waste:Electrical
-> Sound Energy
energy
(humming)
Main
Electrical
-> light Energy
Purpose:
energy
Waste:Electrical
-> Heat Energy
Efficiency of Appliances
Total Energy
Efficiency = Energy Used to do
In
Total Energy
Main Job
waste
To makedthis a percentage;
multiply it by 100
In
Energy __________ = _____________ Energy Used to do
__________
Example:
produced.
Energy for Main Job =100J 70J Efficiency = Main Job / Total In
= 30/100
= of
30J
In a light bulb, 100J
energy is input and
70J of heat is
= 0.3
= 30% and
What
the efficiency
a decimal
TotalisEnergy
In =
100J of the light bulb as
Efficiency of Appliances
1.Questions
When heating water a kettle ran for 5 minutes using 50J of energy. Only 40J of
energy was used to heat the water; the rest was wasted on heating the
surroundings and producing sound. How efficient is the kettle?
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____________________________
2. A space heater claims to be 80% efficient. In a test it was found that 350J of
energy was needed to run the heater, 200J of energy was used to produce heat,
80J went into driving the fan, and 70J of sound energy was produced. Is the heater
80% efficient? Why?
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________________________________
3. A computer is said to waste 15% of the electrical energy used on things like
producing heat (and the cooling system to cool it) and sound. If a computer uses an
average of 750J of energy a day, how much energy is wasted each day? How
energy much is useful?
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Electricity:_____________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
transferred to (i.e. Light bulb, resistor, motor, etc.)
___
Current (I)
of electrons
Current (I) is the flow
______________.
This is 6.2 x 1018 electrons.
Thats 62 followed by 17
amperes (A)
It is measured in __________________.
zeros!!!!
Coulomb of electrons flowing past a given point in
1 amp is 1_________
A
1second
ammeter
Circuit diagram
Amperes are measured with an _______________.
symbol
Typical current
0.2A values:
= 200mA
4A
Small torch:____________
10A
Car headlight:________
Electric kettle:________ Direction electrons
flow
Positive
Terminal (the
long one)
Negative Terminal
(the short one)
Direction it is
drawn on a
diagram (how
scientists
used to think
it went)
Current Homework
3. What kind of current is generated from a battery? A solar cell? What do you get from power
point?
____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________
Generating Electricity
There are many ways to generate electricity but they all involve
transforming
________________
other types of energy.
There are 3 ways:
DC = direct
current
1. Batteries usechemical
______________
to produce
energy
DC ___ current.
Power Stations
Hydro-Electric Stations:
chemical
potential
Use _________ Energy from
________
water to turn turbine
____________.
heat & boil
steam
energy
source (i.e The voltage of a typical cell
1.5V
Used to describe an
____________
is
series in ______battery
_____; we can place cells together
(to form a __________)
to increase the voltage. 2 1.5V cells
3V in series gives ______, 6 1.5V
9V
cells in seriesElectric
give _____.
Potential Energy
Measuring Voltage
Voltage Homework
____________________________________________________________________
<
Branch
One
>
>
>
V
V 6V
Only one path for electrons
Bulbs share
______ the voltage
evenly
dimly
_____ so each
glow
_______. removed/blow
n____________
out
If one goes
bulb is
the
other
________ because
circuit
is broken
the _____________.
Branch
Two
http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/si
<
i
i
>
i i
>
6V
12V
V
12V
i<
i
>
i i
>
i
T
>
<
<
+ 12V
-
<
Bulbs in Series
<
>
Series Circuit
12V
4V
8V
Parallel Circuit
A
A
3A
2A
100
100
200
1A
3A
Current through
both resistors
the
(theres
___________
is only one
same. Drop
path!)
_______________________
__.
proportional
Voltage _______ across
each resistor is
______________ to its
resistance.
Total voltage equals sum of
200
Short Circuits
Circuits Homework
below
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Resistance
longer the
1) Length:the
_________________
wire; the
the
greater
_______________________
resistance
2) Cross-sectional
Area:
As area resistance
_______________________
Like a highway; more lanes;
more
cars through
_______________________
properties
3) Material: different
________________
4) Temperature:resistance
_____________
as temperature
________________________
Resistance Contd
kilohm (____)
1M = _______
1 000 000
1 megohm (____) = ___________
Ohms Law
Circuit
Diagram:
Voltmeter
must
be
connected in parallel
Ohms Law
IR
V = _____
V/I
R = V/R
_____
form
I = _____
V
Make a Circuit as shown and fill in the following charts:
Power
Supply
Setting
(Volts)
Voltmete
r
Reading
(V)
Ammete
r
Reading
(I)
V/I
(ohm
s)
Resistan
ce of
resistor
(ohms)
Power
Supply
Setting
(Volts)
2V
2V
4V
4V
6V
6V
8V
8V
10 V
10 V
12 V
12 V
Voltmete
r
Reading
(V)
Ammete
r
Reading
(I)
V/I
(ohm
s)
Resistan
ce of
resistor
(ohms)
Use Lab on page of booklet for method (we will use 56 and 330 resistors
so we can use bigger voltages then in the lab) Do it twice, once for each
1.
2.
3.
Electrical Power
80 W
Kettle:____________
Iron:__________
Voltage
curren
P
= VI
TV:_______
Power Drill:__________
Lamp:___________
12V
Description:
12V
PD = ________
<
2A
2A
Current =
_____
Battery
24 W
12V x 2A = 24W
<
Power Dissipated
resistance
wires
Any part of a circuit with ___________
(even the
energy (wires heat up electrical -> heat
______) dissipate
energy)
______________________________________.
Calculating Power
dissipated:
potential
current
VI
Power = difference
________________
xresistan
_________ (P
current
IR=
____)
current
resistanc ce
current
I2 R
But, Potential Difference =
e ________ x _________ (V
potential
=____)
difference
So,
Power = ________ x ________ x ________ (P =
_____)
**Current
2
a) Given:
P=I R
b) Given:
doubled;
P = I 2R
2
R = 5
= (2) (5)
power
R = 5
= (4)2(5)
I Example:
What
is the power
dissipated in
a 5 resistor
= 2A
= 4(5)
quadrupled!!
I = 4A
= 16(5)
through it isP a)
Pwhen
= ? a current
= 20W
= ?2 A b) 4A?
= 80W
Electrical devicestransform
__________ electrical energy to
another energy
form of __________.
Power
If we know the ______________
of the device (or
rating
appliance) we can
calculate how much energy is being
transformed/used: Power
time
Pt
Energy transformed
____________ x ________ (E = _____)
Joules (J)=rating
The unit is ______________.
= 1000(5)
= 5000J
Energy
VIttransformed =e__________ x _________ x _________
(E = ________)
Power Homework
1. What is electrical power? How can you calculate the power rating of an appliance?
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____________________________
B)Power in a toaster that draws 6A of current when plugged into a 240V outlet
C) The current a 1000W microwave draws when plugged into a 240V outlet
D)Calculate the resistance and the current of a 75W bulb plugged into a Australian household power
point.
____________________________________________________________________
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Kilowatt-hours
(kWh)
Electric supply companies supply energy
in
____________________. joules
This isHUGE
more convenient then _________ because they are
working
with ___________ Pt
amounts of energy.Watts
energy
For
_______
____ but hours
instead of _______ we
kilowatts
(kW) we still use E =second
s of ________; _______ are
use ____________ and instead
used.
1 kWh = 1000Wh
x60 (60min in 1hour)
Converting
between
Joules
and Kilowatt-hours:
= 60
000Wmin
= 360 000Ws
= 360 000J
Example:
much energy
is supplied
a 2kW heater used
P
= 2kW How
E = Pt
In Joules:
6kW = to6(360000)
3 hours? =How
tfor
= 3hr
2(3) many Joules is that?= 21 600 000J
= 6kWh
per__________________.
kilowattEnergy companies will charge a rate
peak times
This rate could change depending hour
on the time of day;
__________ costs
more then ______________.
off-peak
Houses have a meter to show how much energy has been
used. However it indicates
Total energy used since the meter was
installed
____________________________________
so to find the
energy
used over a certain
period subtract
Initial reading
Finaltime
reading
______________ from _______________. To find cost
multiply energy used by the rate.
peak
off-peak
Some houses have two meters; ________ and _________.
4 2935
kWh
kWh
Initial Reading
3 months later
Cost Homework
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Transmitting Electricity
current
AC
Power Plants Producealternating
_________________
or _____
current.
This is for two
main reasons:
transformed
transformers
1. It can be ______________
using ___________.
very high
power lost This
current
voltage
2.
It can be transmitted at
______________.
reduces the _________ in theiron
wires,
corereducing the
__________in
primary transmission.
secondary
Transformers:turns
are basically an ________ with coils on
either side; a ____________
voltageand ___________
voltage coil.
step - down
As an equation:
step up
Transmitting Electricity
Another feature of the transformer is that power
____________ is
conserved.
Pout
ViIi
VoIo
Input Power Output Power Pin
Or; ___________ = ____________. (____ = _____ or _____ =
_____)
Ip=10A
NpVs
= NsVp What is P
Pout
Pout = Vspower,
Is
in = output
Example:
the
voltage,
and current
2400
=
2400I
s
100Vstransformer
= (1000)(240)shown?
ViIi = Pout
Np=100
Is = 1A
100Vs = 240000
240(10) = Pout
Vp=240V
100
100
Pout = 2400W
Vs = 2400V
Is=?
from the
<
Ns=1000
Vs=?
<
P = I 2R
1 000 000
Transmitting Electricity
Step-up
Transformer
Coil # of
(Large
turns)
Step-Down
Transformer
Coil
(Small # of
turns)
Transmitting H/W
Electricity Review
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KINEMATICS
THE STUDY OF
MOTION
Roller Coaster
Lets watch some Youtube videos of some of the biggest rollercoasters in the
world
What
are some of the key features
that make these rollercoasters
exciting?
Height
High
Big Accelerations
G Forces
__________________
____________________
__________________
__________________
Speeds
__________________
____________________
Types
of of the unit you will be able toforces
acceleration
By
the end
find _____________________,
point
___________________________________
using different methods,
Energy
_________________, and understand the ________ and _________________ at
play.
You will also be able
to make a graph
similar to this:
change
Motion involves movement or
____________in an objects position.
2) To get to work I have to drive 8km North then 6km East. What distance do I travel? What is my
finis Distance =8km+
displacement?
Distance =5km + 5km
start / finish
8km
Displacement = 0km
(finished where he
started)
start
6km
= 14km
>
5km
= 10km
5km
>
>
stor
e
>
6km
= 10km NE
direction
change
distance
time________.
Speed is the ___________
in
__________ over
Speed = ________
It is scalar
a __________.
distance ________
time
S(_________).
= d/t
change
displaceme
time
Velocity is the __________
in ____________ over
________.
Velocity = ______________
It isvector
a
displaceme nt ________.
time
V=disp/t
_______________.
nt
Get
units
right!!!
= 60 000m
= 16.67m/s
Time = 1hr
= 60min = 3600sec So, 60km/h = 16.67m/s
Average Speed
Examples:
Given:
S = d/t
d = 25km
= 25/0.75
t = 45min
= 33.33km/h
= 0.75hr
*** if we left as min; our unit
for speed would be km/min
Given:
d = 70km
s = 30km/h
t=?
t = d/s
= 70/30
= 2.33hr
= 2hr 20min
Acceleration
v = final speed
u = initial speed
A
car increases
it speed from 95km/h to 110km/h to
Examples:
pass. It does this in 5sec. What is its acceleration in
km/h/s? In m/s2
u = 95km/h
v = 110km/h
t = 5s
a = (v-u)/t
= (110-95)/5
= 15/5
= 3 km/h/s
u = 12m/s
v = 0m/s
t = 3s
a = (v-u)/t
= (0-12)/3
= -12/3
= -4 m/s2
Cartoon Physics!
Cartoon Physics!
Cartoon Physics!
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Feeling Forces
closely related
Forces and Acceleration arevery
____________________;
we
actually feel them the same way.
This is because a force is need to
cause a change in motion
________________________. (RECALL: Acceleration is a
change in motion)
motion
OR: No
force, no change in ________;
bigger
bigger no acceleration!
Also, the ________ the force; the ________
the
proportional
acceleration.
So, force and acceleration are said to be
Spring cart
demo!!!
________________.
the empty trolley!
If I push two trolleys, one empty
and one filled with
smaller
groceries, with the same force; which
halved one goes further?
_______________________.
2
9.8m/s/s
9.8m/s
If the supporting force is removed; all objects fall with an
acceleration
__________________
of ____________ or _____________
100due to
9.8gravity
980N
(N)
So, the force
pulling a 100kg man toNewtons
the Earth
is
inertia
This is because of _____________.
This is the idea that all objects
current
of
will stay
in theirstate
______________________
unless acted up by an
firstmotion
outside
force (Newtons ________ law of motion).
Examples: (fig 1.5a-b & train)
internal
Just like how we are free to move around in a car or train; our
organs
_____________
___________ can move around inside of us; This is what
fall stomach
suddenlywhen you
gives you that funny feeling in your
_______________!!!
Cartoon Physics!
Cartoon Physics!
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Rollercoaster Forces
Forces in a Loop:
Combining Forces
magnitude
direction
Forces arevectors
_______; so they have
a ________ (size) and
a
_______. arrows
vectors
We uselength
_____________
arrowto represent forces (and
sizeall
_________)
arrow
direction
The _______
the
_______
is proportional to the ______ of
Big force toofthe
right
small force to the
the force
left
align
Tip-to-tail
The ______ points in the _______________ of the force
Vector triangle
Right-angle
Pythagoras
To add vectors we _______
the two (or more) forces
net
magnitude
Object
A 3N
Object
Net force = 1N
In seniorNet
physics
you will also learn
to use
force = 5N
_________________
to calculate the net forces exact
1N
B 2N
5N
Object
Object .
___________
Situation 1: There are 2 forces acting on an object. The first is 25N acting South and
the other is 35N acting West. What is the magnitude of the resultant force?
Mathematically
43N
25N
Object
W
4.3cm
35N
35N
Net force =
25N Graphically
(352
252)
+
= (1850)
= 43N SW
Net force
= 4.3(10)
= 43 N SW
2.5cm
= 25N
3.5cm
= 35N
Situation 2: There are 3 forces acting on an object. The first is 125N acting North, the
second is 70N acting East, and the other is 35N acting West. What is the
magnitude of the resultant force?
35N
Mathematically
70N
Object
35N
125N
Graphically
Net force
= 3.73(35)
3.6cm
= 129.5 N NE = 125N
2 cm =
70N
1 cm =
35N
3.7cm
125N
*125/35
=3.6cm
Combining Forces:
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Rollercoasters as Energy
Converters #1
at ________________
the
Rollercoasters are only powered
of the
ride; to get them
_______________________________.
theto
top
of the first beginning
hill/drop
Its the speed from thefirst
__________that
keeps it going
drop
after that!
Heres why:
Gravitational Potential
lifted
Energy
Whenmgh
an object is ______;
it gains
m
kg
____________________________
mass
acceleration
g
gravity
9.8m/s2
PE = _____ where: __ = height
______ (in ___)
h
m
__ = ___________
to ________
Kineticdue
Energy
K
(_______)
E
mv2
2
m
kg
__ = __________
of the object (in __)
mass
v
velocity
m/s
speed
When an object is dropped it gains ________________ (___)
Joules
J
KE = (_____)/___ where: ___ = ______ (in ____)
***Actually ALL forms of energy measured in
Examples:
good!
PE = mgh
= 350(9.8)(120)
= 411600J
What did you notice about the kinetic energy of the two
objects?
*Very
Similar
*velocity/speed is squared so a small object travelling very fast can
have as much KE as a big object travelling slower
How do we get Joules for PE & KE when we multiply totally different things
together? Lets consider units.
Property
Height/distance/
Measured
length
SI Unit
Metre (m)
SI Base Unit
Mass
Kilograms (kg)
SI Base Unit
Time
Seconds (s)
SI Base Unit
Speed/velocity
Acceleration
Force
Energy
Metres/second (m/s)
Metres/second2
(m/s2)
Newtons (N)
Joule (J)
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Rollercoasters as Energy
Converters #2
decreases
As an object falls; its height obviously
_____________. So,
decreases
its PE also
______________.
increases
But as it falls; its speed increases
____________. So, its
KE
_____________.
constantly
PE an object
KE falls; its PE converted
When
is ________________to KE. If
we add the ___ and ___ of a falling object at any point of its
fall (justthe
after
release,
half way down, just before contact
same
number
with ground); we will get ______________________.
predict
We can use this knowledge to _______ the carts velocity from the
earlier example at the bottom of the hill. 0J
We know 0J
that at the bottom of the hill PE = ____ and at the top of
KETOP
KEBOT
PE(just
the hill KE = ____
to fall)PETOP
BOT before it begins
350kg
v=?
v = (2352) = 48.5m/s
life
But this this isnt exactly what happensReal
in ______________.
If you were to touch the wheels of the cart what did you think you
They are
would notice?
_______________________
HOT!!! of
friction
Friction
This is because
__________.
_________ is a forceopposes
that
Surfaces
movetwo
over each
____________ motion and is present
whenever
heat
heat otherFriction causes
energy_______
_____________________________.
and _______ converte
is a form of __________. So some ofKE
the PE is
d to heat. (Not all converts to ____)
_____________
hear
energythe rollercoasters wheels rolling over the
You can also _________
track. Sound is a form of ________ so some of the PE is also
converted to sound.
This is represented
in the graph:
Cartoon Physics!
Cartoon Physics!
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Rollercoaster Investigation
Name of Section
________________
Section
Length
Key Heights
Mass of car:
Rollercoaster Analysis I:
Use the video to get times; distances and displacements by taking measurements directly from the
rollercoaster.
Entire Rollercoaster
Average Speed
Average Displacement
Average Displacement
Average
Displaceme
nt
Average Displacement
Average Displacement
Entire Rollercoaster
PE & KE at Start of Track
Energy Lost
Discussion Questions:
Point on Track
End of Flat
2. Discuss any differences. Which method do you think was more accurate, why?.
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