Geographic Information Systems A geographic information system is a system for management, analysis, and display of geographic knowledge, which

is represented using a series of information sets such as maps and globes, geographic data sets, processing and work flow models, data models, and metadata.

GIS engages students and promotes critical thinking, integrated learning and analysis, and multiple intelligences and sciences.

Introduction Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer based information system used to digitally represent and analyse the geographic features present on the Earth' surface and the events (non-spatial attributes linked to the geography under study) that taking place on it. The meaning to represent digitally is to convert analog (smooth line) into a digital form. "Every object present on the Earth can be geo-referenced", is the fundamental key of associating any database to GIS. Here, term 'database' is a collection of information about things and their relationship to each other, and 'geo-referencing' refers to the location of a layer or coverage in space defined by the co-ordinate referencing system.

GIS-controlled workflow

Case study
Decision-support system yields better pipeline route

Identifies constraints Avoid undesirable areas Define divert Economic feasibility

Goals and objectives

Goals

Cross-country petroleum pipeline route selection is governed by the following goals: Establish the shortest possible route to connect originating, intermediate, and terminal locations. Ensure, as far as practicable, accessibility during operation and maintenance. Preserve ecological balance and avoid or minimize environmental damage. Avoid populated areas. Keep rail, road, river, and canal crossings to a minimum. Avoid hilly or rocky terrain. Avoid a route parallel to high-voltage transmission lines or DC circuits. Use existing right-of-way, if possible. Avoid such other obstacles as wells, houses, orchards, lakes, or ponds.

Mistakes
12 inch, 102 km pipeline losses 120 millon rupees/year against 100 million for rerouting and having one more pump station 1000 million rupees risk for belt area against 60 million rupees

Problem
Conflict between all these factors

Solution
Analytical hierarchy process AHP

Analytical hierarchy process AHP adopted in The following methodology has been
selecting optimal pipeline routes. Identification of alternative routes. Preparation of strong database for each route. Identification of the factors and subfactors leading to pipeline route selection. Formulation of risk structure in line with AHP requirements. Pair-wise comparison of factors and subfactors to determine the importance of factors and subfactors in selecting the route. A Pair-wise comparison of alternatives, with respect to each sub-factor, to determine the benefits of one route over another. Synthesizing the results across the hierarchy to determine the optimal route.

Weights and relative weights

Focus
Elements affecting decision

Prioritize

Decision options and comparison matrices Subjectivity Experience knowledge

Data Processing
Final layer

10% Population

20% civilization

30% Land cover

40% topography

50%

50%

30%

50%

20%

50%

50%

50%

50%

reclass

reclass

reclass reclass reclass

reclass reclass

reclass

reclass

Airports population

utilities Roads railways

drains

soil

topogrid

slope

vandalism
willful or malicious destruction or defacement of public or private property 1 : obstinately and often perversely self-willed 2 : done deliberately : INTENTIONAL intent to commit an unlawful act or cause harm without legal justification or excuse to mar the external appearance of : injure by effacing significant details <deface an inscription> archaic a : to inflict serious bodily harm on b : DESTROY synonym see INJURE spoil

 Route selection should be based on a detailed study of alternatives that considers all factors. The selection model presented here has the following advantages: It allows the incorporation of interactive input by executives from related functional areas. It helps make objective decisions. It incorporates both tangible and intangible elements via the AHP hierarchies. Qualitative and subjective judgments, as well as quantitative data can be included in the priority-setting process. AHP is effective for conducting group sessions analytically and systematically. There are multiple ways of including the subjective judgments of many persons. The model allows the collection of more information about the detailed engineering stage. Sensitivity analysis provides decision-makers with a knowledge of the effects of their decisions.

Conclusions

California line beats odds, begins moving viscous crude oil

130000bpd

130 miles
20 inch Temp ambient to 180 degF Pressure 50 1460 psi

EIS environmental impact statement

13 API 17750cst @60f 1300@100f

EIR report 3000 pages

The challenges were met with the following innovations

Horizontal directional drilling of 10 crossings totaling more than 5 miles under active landslides, high scour rivers, and some of the busiest highways in the US. Thirty three nitrogen-actuated block valve sites (aboveground and buried) for emergency isolation of the system. High-speed, fiberoptic communication and control system. Advanced supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system with integrated leak detection and dynamic on-line training simulation. Variable-frequency drive for efficient pump operations. High-efficiency electrical pump motors and substation equipment. Fully functioning backup control center. Multichannel, peer-to-peer, Ethernet-based communications between facility programmable logic controllers (PLC)s. Sump tanks with secondary containment and continuous leak monitoring. Advanced automation-sequence programming and control algorithms. Geographic information systems (GIS) mapping and global positioning system (GPS) data collection.

Completion of the pipeline system required clearing numerous permitting, design, and safety hurdles. Some of the more challenging were: Intense permitting and agency oversight during design and construction. Joint federal and state environmental review producing an exhaustive environmental impact statement (EIS) and environmental impact report (EIR). Difficult alignment consisting of a mix of agricultural lands, rugged mountains, and very dense urban and industrial areas. The pipeline traverses the heart of Los Angeles. Extraordinary system safety design, including leak-detection capabilities higher than industry norm. Detailed hazardous operations analyses. Seismic design to mitigate the risk of crossing more than eight major faults, including the San Andreas Fault. Stresses from expansion-contraction of thermal cycles caused by a wide operating temperature range.

4080 ft height

900 ft in .5 miles decent more than 50% slope

A pipeline 324 mms outside diameter and 160 kilometers long transports crude oil 10 c.st. kinematic viscosity, 0.86 specific gravity and 0.5 kg/cm2 vapor pressure. The pipeline has the following profile: X 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 H 50 120 200 250 320 400 250 200 180 210 X 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 H 270 325 375 425 450 350 100 Where: X = Distance from the first terminal, kms. H = Elevation, Meters.

The pipeline is operated by two pumping stations : one at the first terminal and the second at 70 kms from the first terminal. Each pumping station consists of two identical centrifugal pumping units operating in series. Each pump has the following characteristics: Q 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 H 525 520 510 495 475 450 420 385 EFF 0 36 60 74 80 78 70 58 Where: Q = Discharge, M3/hr. H = Head, Meters. EFF = Efficiency, % Find the expected throughput of the line at a utilization factor 91.3% and the absorbed horse-power at each station. If the capacity has to be increased by 20% by looping the pipeline sections, find the length of loops, the percentage increase in the absorbed horse-power at each station and the safe thickness of the pipeline sections. Consider the pipe roughness 0.06 mms, the acoustic velocity in the crude 1150 m/sec. and the yield strength of the pipe material 42 kg/mm2.