Growth and development

Growth and Development as a unit expresses the sum of numerous changes that take place during the life cycle of an individual. The entire course is a dynamic process that encompasses several inter-related dimensions.

There is no universally accepted definition of growth

J.S. Huxley Krogman The self multiplication of living substance. Increase in size, change in proportion and progressive complexity. An increase in size. Entire series of sequential anatomic and physiologic changes taking place from the beginning of prenatal life to senility

Todd Meridith-

Moyers
Moss Profit

Quantitative aspect of biologic development per unit of time.

Change in any morphological parameter which Is measurable Growth refers to an increase in size/number

Generally growth is irreversible. It is partially true as in the in the case of increase in the length of the body. Growth may be reversible as seen in the case of increase in weight of the body . Though growth is generally associated with an increase in size and unidirectional , yet some conditions involving regression are also considered to take place during growth. For example, the atrophy of the thymus gland

Development

Development refers to all the naturally occurring unidirectional changes in the life of an individual from its existence as a single cell to its elaboration as a multifunctional unit terminating in death.

Development = Growth + differentiation + translocation

Development is characterized by changes in complexity, a shift to fixation of function, and more independence, all of which is under genetic control, yet modified by the environment The changes associated with aging i.e.,degeneration and senility are considered by some as a part of maturation, while others consider It as part of development

Differenti

Differentiation is the change from a generalized cell or tissue to one that is more specialized. Thus differentiation is a change in quality or kind.
The stabilization of the adult stage brought about by the growth & development is called Maturation

Factors That Affect Growth And Development

1.Heredity
Heredity is the passing on of characteristics from parents to their children. Children inherit some physical characteristics from parents. If a child inherited shortness, he or she will be short even with the proper nourishment. The genes hence play a major role in the overall growth of a person.

2.Health
Health means being physically, mentally and socially fit. A child who is healthy grows and develops faster than the one who is sickly. Malnutrition may affect all aspects of growth including size of parts, body proportions, quality and texture of tissues, and onset of growth events.

 The effects of malnutrition are reversible to a certain extent as children have fine recuperative powers. If the adverse effects are not too severe, the growth process accelerates when proper nutrition is provided.This is termed as catch-up growth.

Good Food Habits

Eat plenty of food from grains and cereals. They are the food that give you energy. Eat protein-rich food. They are the foods that make you grow. Eat fruits and vegetables. They are foods that regulate your growth. Some vegetables are good if eaten raw. Others should be lightly cooked so that their nutrients will not be lost. Eat less fatty, salty or sweet foods. Too much of these can cause illnesses. Drink plenty of water. Your body parts need water to do their work. Eat a balanced diet. A balanced diet has the right kinds of food in the right amount.

3.Diseases
Some diseases may affect babies before they are born or at birth. These diseases may affect some parts of the body like the brain, in which case the child may become paralyzed or mentally retarded. Blindness may also affect development of physical and social capabilities of children. Cerebral palsy is a disorder that affects a persons movement and posture. Immunization means injecting into the body a weakened form of germs. SOME DISEASES SLOW DOWN ONES GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.

 The usual minor childhood illness ordinarily cannot be shown to have much effect on physical growth.

Prolonged and debilitating illness however can have a marked effect on all aspects of growth.

4.Family and Surroundings

Children grow up in a family. What children experience in the family affect their growth and development. Children who are loved grow up with a feeling of security. If their physical, emotional and social needs are provided For, children grow up to be well-adjusted and confident of themselves. Negative experiences in the family may affect children. Surroundings affect children. If the place they live in is polluted, children are likely to be sickly. Family affects the growth and development of children. A small family can meet its basic needs. Surroundings affect the growth and development of children. A clean surrounding is good for ones health.

5.Rest and Recreation

Recreation- an activity engaged in to restore strength and spirits after work. It is an activity done for enjoyment. Recreational Activities-Activities that you do voluntarily because you like it to. Rest and recreation help a child develop physically, mentally and socially.

6.Socio- economic factors

Children brought up in affluent and favorable socio-economic conditions show earlier onset of growth events.

They also grow to a larger size than children living in unfavorable socioeconomic environment.

7.Climatic and seasonal effects

Seasonal variation have been shown to affect adipose tissue content and the weight of new born babies.

Climatic changes seem to have little direct effect on rate of growth.

8.Psychological disturbances
Children experiencing stressful conditions display an inhibition of growth hormone secretion.

Psychological disturbances of prolonged duration can hence markedly retard growth.

9.Exercise
Exercises are essential for a healthy body, Strenuous and regular exercises have not been associated with more favorable growth. Certain aspects of growth such as development of some motor skills and increase in muscle mass is found to be influenced by exercise.

CONCEPTS OF GROWTH

1.Concept of normality
Normal refers to that which is usually expected, is ordinarily seen or is typical. Normal refers to a range Another aspect of cranio facial growth is that normality changes with age.

2.Rhythm of growth
Human growth is not a steady & uniform process wherein all parts of die body enlarge at the same rate & the increments of one year arc equal to that of the proceeding or succeeding year This growth rhythm is most clearly seen in stature or body height

 It is most intense and rapid during the first 2 years. There follows a slower increase terminating in Boys -10th to 12th year Girls -no later than 10th year.

3.Growth Spurt
Sudden increase in growth is termed "growth spurt". Periods when a sudden acceleration of growth occurs.

TIMINGS OF GROWTH SPURTS.

Just before birth One year after birth Mixed dentition growth spurt Boys : 8-11 years Girls : 7-9 years
Boys : 14 - 16 years Girls : 11-13 years

Pre-Pubertal growth spurt

Significance.
Growth modification by means of Functional and orthodontic appliances Elicit better response during growth spurts.

4.Differential growth
Different organs grow at different rates to a different amount & at different times.
1.Scammon's curve of growth 2. Cephalo-caudal gradient of growth

1.Scammon's curve of growth

1. General or Somatic curve height, weight, skeleton, muscle

2. Genital slow in the prepubertal period rapid at adolescence

3. Neural curve brain, skull, eyes, ears development earlier than any other tissues or organs no adolescent spurt 4. Lymphoid curve tonsils, adenoids, appendix, intestines, and spleen pre-adolescent maximum, followed by regression to adult value

1. Lymphoid curve Lymphoid tissue proliferates rapidly in late childhood and reaches almost 200% of adult size An adaptation to protect children from infection By 18 years LYMPHOID tissue undergoes involution to reach adult size.

2. Neural curve Neural tissue grows very rapidly and reaches adult size by 6-7 years. Very little growth of neural tissue occurs after 6-7 years.

3. General or Somatic curve

Consists of the muscles, bones and other organs. These tissues exhibit an "S" shaped curve with rapid growth up to 2-3 years followed by a slow phase of growth between 3-10 years. After the 10th year, a rapid phase of growth occurs terminating by the 18 - 20th year

4. Genital
slow in the pre-pubertal period rapid at adolescence

2. Cephalo-caudal gradient of growth

A comparison of the body proportion Between pre-natal and post-natal life reveals Post-natal growth of regions of the body that are away from the HYPOPHYSIS is more.

METHODS OF GATHERING GROWTH DATA

Longitudinal Studies Cross sectional studies Semi - longitudinal studies

METHODS OF STUDYING GROWTH

I. Measurement approaches
II. Experimental approaches

I. Measurement approaches

They comprise of measurement techniques that are carried out on living individuals. These methods do not harm the animal.
Bimetric tests
Height, Weight,Skeletal maturation & ossification Compared with standards

II. Experimental approaches

1.Vital staining
Belchier, in 1936 accidentally noted that bones of animals who had eaten madder plants were stained red. dye in the madder plant, ALIZARIN was identified and used for bone research.

Significance.
site of growth, the direction, duration and amount of growth Other dyes used
Acid Alizarin Blue Trypon blue Lead acetate Tetracycline

2. Radioisotopes Technetium 33 Calcium 45 Potassium 32

3.Implants Introduced by Bijork in 1969. Involves implanting of small bits in growing bone. They serve as radiographic reference points for analysis.

Areas where implants were used

4. Radiographic techniques
Cephalometry Hand-wrist xrays

5. Natural markers 6. Comparitive study

Thank you !!