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GSM system
GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
components
MS (mobile station) BS (base station) MSC (mobile switching center) LR (location register) HLR / VLR
subsystems
RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover, switching OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network
GMSC
fixed network
VLR
MSC
BSC
BSC RSS
Components
consisting of BTS (Base Transceiver Station): sender and receiver BSC (Base Station Controller): controlling several transceivers
Interfaces
Um : radio interface
Abis : standardized, open interface with 16 kbit/s user channels A: standardized, open interface with 64 kbit/s user channels
BSC
MSC
AIR INTERFACE
BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION
935 NK NLI OW D
MOBILE
- 960
MHz
0 89 LI UP NK
Hz 5M 91 -
890 to 915 MHz mobile to base - UPLINK 935 to 960 MHz base to mobile - DOWNLINK 124 radio carriers, inter carrier spacing 200 KHz. 8 channels/carrier - TDMA
890MHz
915MHz
935MHz
960MHz
124
124
LOGICAL CHANNELS
TRAFFIC
SIGNALLING
FCCH
SCH
FCCH -- FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL SCH -- SYNCHRONISATION CHANNEL BCCH -- BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL PCH -- PAGING CHANNEL RACH -- RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL AGCH -- ACCESS GRANTED CHANNEL SDCCH -- STAND ALONE DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNEL SACCH -- SLOW ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL FACCH -- FAST ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
HIERARCHY OF FRAMES
1 HYPER FRAME = 2048 SUPERFRAMES = 2 715 648 TDMA FRAMES ( 3 H 28 MIN 53 S 760 MS ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047
1 SUPER FRAME = 1326 TDMA FRAMES ( 6.12 S ) LEFT (OR) RIGHT 1 SUPER FRAME = 51 MULTI FRAMES TRAFFIC CHANNELS 0 1 2 3 4 48 49 50 SIGNALLING CHANNELS
(4.615ms) 0
1 TIME SLOT = 156.25 BITS ( 0.577 ms) 1 2 3 4 155 156 1 bit =36.9 micro sec
(4.615 ms) 1
I/S
S SACCH I Idle
1 CONTROL MULTIFRAME = 51 TDMA FRAMES ( 235 ms ) TS0 for the Forward Link
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
C C C
20 21 22
F S C
39 40 41 42
C F S C
49 50
C I
F S B B B B C C C C F S
1 CONTROL MULTIFRAME = 51 TDMA FRAMES ( 235 ms ) TS0 for the Reverse Link
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 R R R R R R R R R R R 20 21 22 R R R 39 40 41 42 R R R R 49 50 R R
R R R R
Burst Formatting
Modulation
+ +
_ LP parameters E N C O D E R
VAD
LPC Synthesis
CRC
Ia+Ib
II
378 b
2-slot 456 b Inter78 b leaver 20ms
22.8 Kbps
Basic Frame 20 ms
184 b
Trailing bits 4b SBCFC G5(x) = x40 + x26 + x23 + x17 + x3 + 1 CC(2,1,5) G0(x) = x4 + x3 + 1; G1(x) = x4 + x3 + x + 1
Interleaver
To minimize the effect of sudden fades 456 bits in 20 ms 8 blocks of 57 bits spread over 8 frames on a specific TS diagonal interleaving TCH, SACCH, FACCH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
0 4 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 0 5 1 6 2 7 3 0 4
i +0 i +1 i +2 i +3 i +4 i +5 i +6 i +7 i +8
Ciphering
To
increase security
encryption techniques ( MS BTS pair ) changes from call to call A3 algorithm user authentication based on passcode within the SIM, key at the MSC A5 algorithm scrambling for information bits
Burst Formatting
DEFINITION OF TIME SLOT - 156.25 BITS 15/26ms = 0.577ms
NORMAL BURST - NB FREQUENCY CORRECTION BURST - FB SYNCHRONISATION BURST - SB
3 3 3
57
26
1 142
57
3 8.25 3 8.25
39
64
39
3 8.25
ACCESS BURST - AB
TAIL BIT
41
GUARD PERIOD
36
FIXED BITS
68.25
SYNCHRONISATION BITS
ENCRYPTION BIT
TRAINING BITS
FLAG BITS
MIXED BITS
MODULATION
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying BT = 0.3 , f = 67.708 KHz Channel data rate 270.8333 Kbps
special pre-computation avoids sudden phase shifts MSK (Minimum Shift Keying) bit separated into even and odd bits, the duration of each bit is doubled depending on the bit values (even, odd) the higher or lower frequency, original or inverted is chosen the frequency of one carrier is twice the frequency of the other Equivalent to offset QPSK
MSK
1 data even bits odd bits 0 1 1 0 1 0 bit
even
odd signal value
0101
0011 hnnh - - ++
low frequency
high frequency
MSK signal
t No phase shifts!