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Global System for Mobile (GSM)

Popular 2G technology Subscriber Identity Module ( SIM )


Global Connectivity On-the-air privacy

GSM system
GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
components
MS (mobile station) BS (base station) MSC (mobile switching center) LR (location register) HLR / VLR

subsystems
RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover, switching OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network

GSM: Architecture overview


OMC, EIR, AUC HLR

NSS with OSS VLR


MSC

GMSC

fixed network

VLR

MSC

BSC
BSC RSS

Radio Sub- System


radio subsystem MS MS

Components

MS (Mobile Station) BSS (Base Station Subsystem):

Um BTS BTS Abis BSC MSC

consisting of BTS (Base Transceiver Station): sender and receiver BSC (Base Station Controller): controlling several transceivers

Interfaces

BTS BTS BSS

Um : radio interface
Abis : standardized, open interface with 16 kbit/s user channels A: standardized, open interface with 64 kbit/s user channels

BSC

MSC

Tri-Sector antenna for a cell


Cell sectoring
Directional antennas Decrease CCI Increase cell capacity

AIR INTERFACE
BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION

935 NK NLI OW D
MOBILE

- 960

MHz

0 89 LI UP NK

Hz 5M 91 -

890 to 915 MHz mobile to base - UPLINK 935 to 960 MHz base to mobile - DOWNLINK 124 radio carriers, inter carrier spacing 200 KHz. 8 channels/carrier - TDMA

Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN)

890MHz

915MHz

935MHz

960MHz

124

124

GSM combines FDM and TDM:


bandwidth is subdivided into channels of 200khz, shared by up to eight stations, assigning slots for transmission on demand.

GSM delays uplink TDMA frames


The start of the uplink TDMA is delayed by three time slots Downlink TDMA F1MHz TDMA frame (4.615 ms)

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 Uplink TDMA Frame F1 + 45MHz

Fixed transmit Delay of three time-slots

LOGICAL CHANNELS

TRAFFIC

SIGNALLING

FULL RATE Bm 22.8 Kb/S

HALF RATE Lm 11.4 Kb/S BROADCAST COMMON CONTROL DEDICATED CONTROL

FCCH

SCH

BCCH PCH RACH AGCH

FCCH -- FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL SCH -- SYNCHRONISATION CHANNEL BCCH -- BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL PCH -- PAGING CHANNEL RACH -- RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL AGCH -- ACCESS GRANTED CHANNEL SDCCH -- STAND ALONE DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNEL SACCH -- SLOW ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL FACCH -- FAST ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL

SDCCH

SACCH

FACCH

DOWN LINK ONLY UPLINK ONLY

BOTH UP & DOWNLINKS

HIERARCHY OF FRAMES
1 HYPER FRAME = 2048 SUPERFRAMES = 2 715 648 TDMA FRAMES ( 3 H 28 MIN 53 S 760 MS ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047

1 SUPER FRAME = 1326 TDMA FRAMES ( 6.12 S ) LEFT (OR) RIGHT 1 SUPER FRAME = 51 MULTI FRAMES TRAFFIC CHANNELS 0 1 2 3 4 48 49 50 SIGNALLING CHANNELS

1 SUPER FRAME = 26 MULTI FRAMES


0 1 MULTIFRAME = 26 TDMA FRAMES ( 120 ms ) 0 1 2 3 24 25 1 MULTI FRAME = 51 TDMA FRAMES (235 .4 ms ) 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 3 4 48 49 50 1 2 24 25

(4.615ms) 0

TDMA FRAME NO. 1


0 1 2 3 0 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

1 TIME SLOT = 156.25 BITS ( 0.577 ms) 1 2 3 4 155 156 1 bit =36.9 micro sec

(4.615 ms) 1

1 SPEECH MULTIFRAME = 26 TDMA FRAMES ( 120 ms )


0 1 2 3 S 13 24

I/S

S SACCH I Idle
1 CONTROL MULTIFRAME = 51 TDMA FRAMES ( 235 ms ) TS0 for the Forward Link
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
C C C

20 21 22
F S C

39 40 41 42
C F S C

49 50
C I

F S B B B B C C C C F S

1 CONTROL MULTIFRAME = 51 TDMA FRAMES ( 235 ms ) TS0 for the Reverse Link
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 R R R R R R R R R R R 20 21 22 R R R 39 40 41 42 R R R R 49 50 R R

R R R R

Signal Processing in GSM


Speech Digitization & Speech coding (RELPC) Channel coding Interleaving Ciphering

Burst Formatting
Modulation

Residually Excited Linear Predictive Coder


s(n)
Buffer/ Window 20 ms blocks ST-LP analysis v/u decision Gain, Pitch

+ +
_ LP parameters E N C O D E R

VAD

DTX CNS MOS 3.54

LPC Synthesis

Enc. o/p 260 bits

Channel Coding - speech signals


Ia-50 b 3b Trailing zeros 4b

CRC

Speech Coding 260 b 13 Kbps

Ia+Ib
II

- rate 182b K=5

378 b
2-slot 456 b Inter78 b leaver 20ms

22.8 Kbps
Basic Frame 20 ms

Channel Coding data channels


CCITT V.110 modem 60 bits in 5 ms per user for full rate GSM data channel at 9.6 Kbps 20 ms frame 240 bits
Trailing bits 4b 240 b - rate K=5 Punc. Conv.

456 b 4-slot 456 b Interleaver 20ms

Channel Coding control channels


Control messages 184 bits
SB Cyclic Fire Code 224 b 8456 b frame 456 b Inter- 20ms leaver

184 b

- rate K=5 Conv.

Trailing bits 4b SBCFC G5(x) = x40 + x26 + x23 + x17 + x3 + 1 CC(2,1,5) G0(x) = x4 + x3 + 1; G1(x) = x4 + x3 + x + 1

Interleaver
To minimize the effect of sudden fades 456 bits in 20 ms 8 blocks of 57 bits spread over 8 frames on a specific TS diagonal interleaving TCH, SACCH, FACCH

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1

0 4 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 0 5 1 6 2 7 3 0 4
i +0 i +1 i +2 i +3 i +4 i +5 i +6 i +7 i +8

Ciphering
To

increase security

encryption techniques ( MS BTS pair ) changes from call to call A3 algorithm user authentication based on passcode within the SIM, key at the MSC A5 algorithm scrambling for information bits

Burst Formatting
DEFINITION OF TIME SLOT - 156.25 BITS 15/26ms = 0.577ms
NORMAL BURST - NB FREQUENCY CORRECTION BURST - FB SYNCHRONISATION BURST - SB

3 3 3

57

26

1 142

57

3 8.25 3 8.25

39

64

39

3 8.25

ACCESS BURST - AB
TAIL BIT

41
GUARD PERIOD

36
FIXED BITS

68.25
SYNCHRONISATION BITS

ENCRYPTION BIT

TRAINING BITS

FLAG BITS

MIXED BITS

MODULATION
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying BT = 0.3 , f = 67.708 KHz Channel data rate 270.8333 Kbps
special pre-computation avoids sudden phase shifts MSK (Minimum Shift Keying) bit separated into even and odd bits, the duration of each bit is doubled depending on the bit values (even, odd) the higher or lower frequency, original or inverted is chosen the frequency of one carrier is twice the frequency of the other Equivalent to offset QPSK

Higher bandwidth efficiency using a Gaussian low-pass filter GMSK

MSK
1 data even bits odd bits 0 1 1 0 1 0 bit

even
odd signal value

0101
0011 hnnh - - ++

low frequency

h: high frequency n: low frequency +: original signal -: inverted signal

high frequency

MSK signal

t No phase shifts!

Call establishment from a mobile


Mobile looks for BCCH after switching on RACH send channel request AGCH receive SDCCH

SDCCH send call establishment request


SDCCH do the authentication and TMSI allocation SDCCH send the setup message and desired number

SDCCH required traffic channel assignment


FACCH switch to traffic channel and send ack (steal bits) FACCH receive alert signal ringing sound FACCH receive connect message FACCH acknowledge connect message and use TCH TCH conversation continues

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