Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reference Electrodes
Old Technology
Copper Lead Wire
Wooden Plug
Problem...
Add 18-24
lbs. of
Plaster
plaster
New PROBLEM . . . . .
Plaster is
Hygroscopic!!!
Dehydration of CuSO4 Solution
plaster
More Dehydration
plaster
plaster
Hardened plaster
Another Problem . . . . . .
Cannot TEST
Another Problem . . . . . .
NO SHELF LIFE
Old Technology
plaster
Dead Cell !
Hard plaster
Installation Costs!
ACTIVATION TIME
ACTIVATION takes 2 to 6 hours.
Reduces IR Drop from cell to structure! Reduces IR Drop by lowering internal resistance of electrode!
Used in sea water installations by the US Navy! Will not degrade in seawater or fresh water!
Highest quality CuSO4 (laboratory grade) Completely Solid State chemistry Highly Conductive Blended with an H2S Ion Trapping carrier
Choices
A 30 year reservoir of Copper Sulfate
OR
Water A 2 year reservoir of Copper Sulfate
Triple Lead Wire Seal! Wire is RHH-RHW and is UL approved! Wire is flame proof! Wire is a low-density & cross-linked polymer! Which allows cuts to be repaired in the field! Wire is flexible in sub-zero weather!
Stelth
Stelth
Reference Electrode
Choices
33 square inches
of Sensing Area
OR
This Choice
Is Why
This technology Gives Unparallel Performance in
Flood Zones
Over this choice
We can produce a reference electrode that has absorbed and applied all available technologies discovered since 1922 ..
All Stelth Reference Electrodes are Tested to the Highest Standards in an ISO-9000 Certified Facility
Continuity of wire!
Continuity of wire insulation! Resistance of lead wire and sensing element connection (has to be a dead short)! Internal resistance of reference electrode! Calibration of Reference Electrodes are done at the final state of assembly at 25 Celsius! Final test is for response time from activation to stable reading without Hysteresis!
Each unit has a Serial Number and Comes with Certified Test Certificate
And Remember!
Installation Time.
Lets Compare...
Pipe
1 2 3 4 5
Pipe
1 2 3 4 5 6 hours
Pipe
1 hour
1 cm2
5+5 cm2
10 cm2
100 cm2
Developed with the cooperation of European Governments by the largest Gas Distribution & Pipeline Company in Europe . . .
Ruhr Gas
and is now a DIN Standard
This is the . . . .
PROBLEM . .
-.85
Telecom
-.85
Trains
Gas
-.85
Water
-.85
-.85
Electric
BAD READING BAD READING BAD READING BAD READING BAD READING
-.43 Telecom
-.71
Trains
Gas
Water
-.48
-.81
Electric
-.61
The Solution
The Stelth
7 IR Free Probe
-.85
Stelth 7 IR Free Probe
-.85
Stelth 7 IR Free Probe
-.85
Stelth 7 IR Free Probe
-.85
Stelth 7 IR Free Probe
-.85
Stelth 7 IR Free Probe
The Stelth
7 IR Free Probe
Ignores all other systems, Electric, Water, Cable, Trains, Oil Lines, et cetera.
-.85
Stelth 7 IR Free Probe
-.85
Stelth 7 IR Free Probe
-.85
Stelth 7 IR Free Probe
-.85
Stelth 7 IR Free Probe
-.85
Stelth 7 IR Free Probe
164 (50m)
10 ohms
30 ohms
100 ohms
164 (50m)
5 0 10
10 ohms
30 ohms
100 ohms
164 (50m)
5 0 10
10 ohms
30 ohms
100 ohms
100 mV
shift
164 (50m)
100 mV Criterion
-.85 -.80 -.75 -.70 mV -.65
-.60
-.55 -.50 Shift is 125 mV
-.45
0 1 3 4 5
Seconds
Intermission
Stelth
Reference Electrodes
Installation . . . .
is Simple . . . .
Installation Site
Installation Site
Old Test Point To be removed
Pipeline Marker
36 Pipe
.37 meters
pipeline wire
Stelth 7 wire
Stelth 7 wire
pipeline wire
pipeline wire
Stelth 7 wire
pipeline wire
splice wire
Stelth 7 wire
pipeline wire
splice wire
splice
Installing
Coupons IR Drop
(connected to pipeline) Future connection for
Comanche Dart
Pipeline
All
pH..
Can KILL reference electrodes
Acidity <4
Alkalinity >9
S h u n t
Temperature..
Can alter the accuracy & completely shut down a reference electrodes
Upper Limit = 176 F (80 C)
Environment..
Can determine the accuracy of any reference electrodes Copper-Copper Sulfate Cu-CuSO4
or
WHY..
Because the chlorides alter the chemistry of the copper sulfate and prevent the necessary ion exchange between the copper sensing element and the environment
Chlorides..
Kill more reference electrodes than any other single influence
NOW..
Silver-Silver Chloride Ag-AgCI is a different story.
To achieve a proper ion exchange You need between 10,000 and 27,000 ppm of chlorides with 19,000 ppm being ideal, which is seawater
S h u n t
Induced AC Current
Do not run Anode wires & Reference Electrode wires together in the same conduit!
S h u n t
Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S will kill any reference electrodes!
Do Not Locate Reference Electrodes Near Any Anodes, Impressed Current or Sacrificial!
S h u n t
Do Not use the Negative Return from the Pipeline to the Rectifier for the Reference Electrode Return Wire!
S h u n t
S h u n t
Induced AC Current
Hydrocarbons.
any amount will destroy a reference electrode!
The End
Stelth
Reference Electrodes