Immunity and Infection

Chapter 17

The Chain of Infection

Links in the Chain

Transmitted through a chain (six links)

Pathogen - disease causing microorganism Reservoir - natural environment of the pathogen: Person, animal, or environmental component Portal of Exit Means of transmission Direct transmission Indirect transmission Vectors carrier of the pathogen from one host to another Portal of entry Penetration of the skin Inhalation through mouth or nose Ingestion New host
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Breaking the Chain

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Bodys Defense System

Physical and Chemical barriers

Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract

Immunological Defenders

The Immune System

Neutrophils Macrophages big eaters Natural killer cells Dendritic cells eat pathogens and activate lymphocytes Lymphocytes T-cells Helper, Killer, and Suppressor B-cells Antibodies Memory T and B cells

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The Inflammatory Response

Histamine.

Dilation of blood vessels, heat, redness, and swelling.

The immune response

Phase 1 Dendritic cells are drawn to the site Phase 2 Helper T cells multiply

Production of Killer T and B cells Cytokines chemical messengers Cell-mediated immune Antibody-mediated immune response Suppressor T-cells Slow down activity
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Phase 3 Killer T cells strike

Phase 4 Last Phase

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Immunity

An infected person will never get the same illness again. Lymphocytes create amplification of the immune response are reserved by memory T and B cells Symptoms and contagion
Incubation

viruses are multiplying in the body or when bacteria are actively multiplying
Will not feel symptoms until the second or third phase of the immune response cycle

Prodromal

period the infected host has acquired

immunity
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Immunization

The process of priming the body to remember an encounter with a specific antigen. Types of vaccines

VACCINE- Introduction of a killed or weakened

pathogen to stimulate the body to produce antibodies. ACTIVE IMMUNITY - person produces his or her own antibodies to the microorganism. PASSIVE IMMUNITY- Injection of antibodies produced by other human beings or animals. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY-The ability of a memory lymphocytes to remember a previous infection. (chicken pox).
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Immunization Issues
Vaccine shortages in the U.S. Vaccine safety

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Allergy: The Bodys Defense System Gone Haywire

The Bodys Defense System Gone Haywire

Allergies Allergens

Pollen, Animal Dander, Dust mites and cockroaches, Molds, Food, Insects

The

Allergic response

Immunoglobulin (IgE) Anaphylaxis

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Dealing With Allergies

Avoidance Medication Immunotherapy allergy shots

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Pathogens and Disease

Bacterium Microscopic single celled organism

Pneumonia Meningitis Strep Throat and other streptococcal infections Toxic shock and other staphylococcal Tuberculosis Tickborne infections Ulcers Other Bacterial infections

Tetanus Pertussis Urinary tract infections

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Antibiotic Treatment
Actions of Antibiotics Antibiotic resistance Proper antibiotics usage

Dont

take an antibiotic every time you are

sick Use antibiotics as directed Never take an antibiotic without an prescription

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Type of Pathogens

Viruses (parasites take what they need) Most common contagious disease

Common Cold Influenza Measles, Mumps and Rubella Chickenpox, Cold Sores, and other herpes-virus infections

Varicella-zoster virus Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Viral encephalitis Viral hepatitis Poliomyelitis Rabies Human papillomavirus (HPV)

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Treatment
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Types of Pathogens

Fungi
Primitive plant Yeast infections, athletes foot, jock itch, and ringworm Candida albicans

Protozoan

Microscopic single-celled animal Malaria, African sleeping sickness, Giardiasis, Tricomonias, Trypanosomiasis, and Amoebic dysentary. Largest organism that can enter the body Tapeworm, Hookworm, and Pinworm.

Parasitic worm

Prions
Fetal degeneration disorders of the CNS, linked to proteinaceous infectious particles. Lack DNA and RNA Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)

Spongelike holes in the brain Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Human

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow disease

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Emerging Infectious Diseases

Selected Infections of concern

West

Nile virus Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Rotavirus Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Hantavirus Ebola

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Factors Contributing to Emerging Infections

Drug Resistance Poverty Breakdown of public health measures Environmental changes Travel and Commerce Mass food production and distribution Human behaviors Bioterrorism
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Other Immune Disorders: Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases

If the immune system breaks down

Getting older HIV infection Chemotherapy

Autoimmune diseases
Rheumatoid

arthritis Systemic lupus erythmatosus

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Support Your Immune System

How to support your immune system
General guidelines

Balanced diet Enough sleep Exercise Dont smoke Moderation of alcohol Wash your hands Avoid contact with contagious people

Plenty of clean water Avoid contact with vermin Practice safe sex Do not use Injectable drugs Vaccinations Controlling Stress

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Chapter 17

IMMUNITY AND INFECTION

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