5/8/12

5/8/12

Absolute Temperature Scale

Group to02 Click # edit Master subtitle 09-NTU-1057 09-NTU-1059 style
09-NTU-1058 09-NTU-1060

5/8/12

Temperature

Temperature is physical property of matter that quantitative expresses the common notions of the hot and cold

Objects of low temperature are cold, while various degrees of higher temperatures are referred to as warm or hot

Heat flows from hotter bodies to cooler bodies, until equilibrium is attained

Temperature is measured with thermometers, which may be calibrated to a variety of temperature scales

5/8/12

Absolute Temperature Scale

A temperature scale having absolute zero as the lowest temperature Absolute temperature scales only have positive numbers No negative values in absolute temperature scale Usually refer to

Kelvin Scale Rankine Scale

5/8/12

5/8/12

Kelvin

Kelvin is not referred to or typeset as a degree Kelvin is the primary unit of measurement in the physical sciences Often used in conjunction with the degree Celsius, which has the same magnitude.

Subtracting 273.16 K from the triple point of water makes absolute zero equivalent to 273.15 C

5/8/12

Kelvin Temperature Conversion formulae

5/8/12

Rankine Scale

Proposed in 1859 after Kelvin Scale Named after the Glasgow University engineer and physicist William John Macqourn Rankine

The symbol for degrees Rankine is R Rankine degree is defined as equal to one degree Fahrenheit temperature of 459.67 F is exactly equal to 0 R

5/8/12

Rankine Scale

Some engineering fields in the U.S measure thermodynamic temperature using the Rankine scale

Freezing point of Water is 491.67 R Boiling point of Water is 691.64102 R Triple point of Water 491.688 R In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium

5/8/12

Rankine Temperature Conversion formulae

5/8/12

Temperature Measuring Devices

Thermocouples Thermistor Resistance temperature resistance Pyrometer Langmuir probes(for electron temperature of a plasma) Infrared Thermometer

5/8/12

Comparison

One of the problems with the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales is that they are not linear We cannot say, for example, that a cup of water at 40 degrees C is twice as hot as one as 20 degrees, or that water at 20 degrees is twice as hot as water at 10 degrees. The absolute or Kelvin scale solves this problem, because it is linear

5/8/12

Kelvin Temperature scale

Assigned temperature values should independent of the properties of any thermometric substance, these considerations lead to Kelvin temperature scale

Kelvin scale provide a continuous definition of temperature of temperature connecting the several connecting empirical methods for assigning temperatures

Kelvin scale also plays an important role in developing aspect of the second law, including the evaluation of maximum performance measures for cycles in the next section

5/8/12

Cont.

This eq. provide a basis for defining thermodynamic temperature scale,

Scale

independent of the properties of any substance scale is obtained by making a particularly simple choice = Tc/TH

Kelvin

T is the symbol to denote temperature on Kelvin scale

5/8/12

Kelvin scale has a zero of 0k, and lower temperatures are not defined Temperature of zero on the Kelvin scale is the lowest conceivable temperature, this temperature is called absolute zero

So, Kelvin scale is called an Absolute Temperature scale This scale is valid for all possible ranges

5/8/12

International Temperature Scale(ITS)

To provide a standard for temperature measurement taking into account both theoretical and practical considerations, International temperature scale(ITS) is adopt in 1927

This scale is then refined and extended in several revisions in 1990 ITS is defined in such a way that the temperature measured on it conforms with the thermodynamic

Unit of ITS is Kelvin

5/8/12

International Temperature Scale(ITS)

The ITS-90 is based on the assigned values of temperature of a number of reproducible by formulas that give the relation between readings of standard instruments and values of the ITS

The range from 0.65 to 5.0 k is defined by equations giving the temperature as function of vapour pressures of particular helium isotopes

Range from 3.0 to 24.5561 is based on measurements based on a helium constant-volume gas thermometer

5/8/12

International Temperature Scale(ITS)

Range of 13.8033 to 1234.9 k is defined by mean of certain platinum resistance thermometers

Above 1234.9 k the temperature is defined using Planks equation for black body radiation and measurement of the intensity of visible-spectrum radiation

5/8/12

5/8/12