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Dr. Suhaila Al-Sheboul Molecular Microbiology and Genetics Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences Department of Medical laboratory Sciences Room 20
Chapter 3 Outline
Introduction Eucaryotic Cell Structure Procaryotic Cell Structure Recap of Structural Differences Between Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Cells Reproduction of Organisms and Their Cells Taxonomy Determining Relatedness Among Organisms
Introduction
A cell is the fundamental living unit of any living organism because it exhibits the basic characteristics of life. Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that occur within a cell. Bacterial cells do not have the complex system of membranes and organelles found in the more advanced cellular organisms.
Introduction (continued)
Bacteria and Archaea are called procaryotes or procaryotic cells because they do not have a true nucleus. More complex cells that contain a true nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles are called eucaryotes or eucaryotic cells. Eucaryotes include algae, protozoa, fungi, plants, animals and humans. Some microorganisms are procaryotic, some are eucaryotic, and some are not cells at all.
Introduction (continued)
Viruses Composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat. Depend on the energy and metabolic machinery of a host cell in order to reproduce. They are acellular, that is, they are not composed of cells.
Nuclear pores
Vacuole
Nucleus
The Nucleus
The command center of the cell. 3 components: nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and nuclear membrane. Chromosomes are embedded in the nucleoplasm. Eucaryotic chromosomes consist of linear DNA molecules and proteins Genes are located along the DNA molecules. Each gene contains the information to produce a gene product.
Ribosomes Mainly ribosomal RNA and protein. Important in the synthesis of proteins.
Cilia
Cell with numerous cilia Cilia in cross-section
Procaryotic Cell
Capsule Stain
Pili
Flagella
Endospore
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of classification of living organisms. Taxonomy consists of classification, nomenclature and identification. Classification is the arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups (known as taxa). Tool for remembering the sequence of Taxa King David Came Over for Good Spaghetti KDCOFGS, K for Kingdom, D for Division, C for Class, O for Order, F for Family, G for Genus and S for species.
Microbial Classification
The science of taxonomy was established on the binomial system of nomenclature. In the binomial system, each organism is given 2 names genus and the specific epithet. Taken together, both names constitute the species. For example, Escherichia coli; Escherichia is the genus and coli is the specific epithet. The genus is frequently abbreviated with just a single letter, (e.g., E for Escherichia). The abbreviation sp. is used to designate a single species and spp. for more than one species.
Microbial Classification
Organisms are categorized into larger groups based on their similarities and differences. The Five-Kingdom System of Classification 1. Bacteria and archaeans Kingdom Procaryotae 2. Algae and protozoa Kingdom Protista 3. Fungi Kingdom Fungi 4. Plants Kingdom Plantae 5. Animals Kingdom Animalia Viruses are not included because they are acellular. Other systems of classification do exist.