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What is representation?
Representation refers to the construction in any medium
(especially the mass media) of aspects of reality such as people, places, objects, events, cultural identities and other abstract concepts.
What is representation?
By definition, all media texts are re-presentations of
reality. There is an Intention behind their construction. i.e. they are intentionally composed, lit, written, framed, cropped, captioned, branded, targeted and censored by their producers. They are entirely artificial versions of the reality we perceive around us.
What is representation?
C.A.G.E.
The term refers to the processes involved as well as to its
products. In relation to the key markers of identity Class, Age, Gender and Ethnicity representation involves not only how identities are represented (or rather constructed) within the text but also how they are constructed in the processes of production and reception by people.
What is representation?
When studying the media it is vital to remember this -
every media form is a representation of someone's concept of existence, codified into a series of signs and symbols which can be read by an audience.
What is representation?
It is important to note that without the media, our
perception of reality would be very limited, and that we, as an audience, need these artificial texts to mediate our view of the world. We need the media to make sense of reality. Therefore representation is a fluid, two-way process. Producers position a text somewhere in relation to reality and audiences assess a text on its relationship to reality.
Mediated Representation
Representation is natural
A key in the study of representation concern is with the
experience is 'mediated' by perceptual codes. Representation always involves 'the construction of reality'.
All texts, however 'realistic' they may seem to be, are
constructed representations rather than simply transparent 'reflections', recordings, transcriptions or reproductions of a pre-existing reality.
to 'objective' reality (in terms of 'truth', 'accuracy' and 'distortion'), whereas constructivists focus on whose realities are being represented and whose are being denied. Both structuralist and poststructuralist theories lead to 'reality' and 'truth' being regarded as the products of particular systems of representation - every representation is motivated and historically contingent.
Extension of reality
By giving audiences information, media texts extend
experience of reality.
Every time you see a wildlife documentary, or read about
political events in a country on the other side of the world, or watch a movie about a historical event, you extend your experience of life on this planet.
Restriction of reality
However, because the producers of the media text have
True Lies
Truth or Lies?
Media representations - and the extent to which we accept
them - are a very political issue, as the influence the media exerts has a major impact on the way we view the world.
By viewing media representations our prejudices can be
reinforced or shattered.
True Lies
Generally, audiences accept that media texts are fictional
to one extent or another (we have come a long way from the mass manipulation model of the 1920s and 1930s.)
However, as we base our perception of reality on what we
see in the media, it is dangerous to suppose that we don't see elements of truth in media texts either.
The study of representation is about decoding the different
layers of truth/fiction/whatever.
Important questions
In order to fully appreciate the part representation plays in
from this angle, this story phrased in these terms, etc) selected, and what might the alternatives have been? What frame of reference does the audience use when understanding the representation?
assume other people to have, come from concepts of gender what does it mean to be a boy or a girl?
Many objects, not just humans, are represented by the media as
being particularly masculine or feminine - particularly in advertising - and we grow up with an awareness of what constitutes 'appropriate' characteristics.
a hi-fi system?
trainers?
or female.
These different role models may at first glance appear to be very
stereotypes in themselves?
By adopting role models and parading them through the media as
more than forty years, and the changes that have occurred in women's roles in western society during that time have been nothing short of phenomenal.
Media representations of women remain worryingly
constant. Does this reflect that the status of women has not really changed or that the male-dominated media does not want to accept it has changed?
dangerous and deviant. And they get their comeuppance, particularly in the movies. Think of Alex Forrest (Glenn Close) in Fatal Attraction or, more recently, Teena Brandon/Brandon Teena (Hilary Swank) in Boys Don't Cry.
America seems to expect its women to behave better than their
European counterparts - British viewers adored the antics of Patsy & Edina in Absolutely Fabulous, but these had to be severely toned down (less swearing, NO drug taking) for the US remake, High Society (which was a flop).
stereotypes than femininity. Representations of men across all media tend to focus on the following:
Strength - physical and intellectual Power Sexual attractiveness (which may be based on the above) Physique Independence (of thought, action)
of the resolution of a narrative, rather than an integral factor in the initial equilibrium.
level of 'buffness' that was not aspired to even by young heart-throbs 20 30 years ago.
masculinity - think of the burgeoning market in men's magazines, both lifestyle and health - and the increasing emphasis on even ordinary white collar male workers (who used to sport their beer gut with pride) having the muscle definition of a professional swimmer.