Introduction to the Power Flow Problem

Smith College, EGR 325 April 3, 2006

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Objectives
Introduce the power flow problem
Numerical solution issues?

Investigate two power flow programs

PowerWorld MATPower

Complex Power Phasor Domain

IMPORTANT is the power factor angle V

S V I
*

I = I

S = V I = V (cos 0 + j sin 0) I (cos + j sin )

S = V I cos + j V I sin S = P+ j Q
Real Power Reactive Power
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Power Flow Analysis

We know
The system topology (the circuit diagram) The impedance of each line The load at each load bus (S = P + jQ) The capability of each generator (P, V)

We want to know
The output of each generator (S) The voltage at each bus (V = V ) The power flow on each line (Pflow)
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Real Power Flow Equations

* Si = Pi + jQi = Vi YikVk* = k =1 n k =1

Vi Vk e jik (Gik jBik )

k =1 n

Vi Vk

(cos ik + j sin ik )(Gik jBik )

Resolving into the real and imaginary parts Pi = Qi =

k =1 n k =1

Vi Vk (Gik cos ik + Bik sin ik ) = PGi PDi Vi Vk (Gik sin ik Bik cos ik ) = QGi QDi
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Power Flow Analysis

Data needs? Uses?

Real Power Flow Equations

How many equations and how many unknowns? Numerical methods
Lack of convergence Slack bus
Definition Mathematical and physical role
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Running a Power Flow Program

Programs created in the days of FORTRAN programming Input data one of two standard formats
IEEE PTI

Output data format designed by the programmer ** Cases may or may not converge! **
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Running a Power Flow Program

We will use two popular programs
MATPower
tabular data input and output relatively easy to use

PowerWorld
visual more difficult to use

Terminology
One-line diagrams per unit system (normalize all values)
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Power System Diagrams

Circuit vs. one-line diagram
17.6 MW 28.8 MVR 59.7 kV 17.6 M W 28.8 M VR 40.0 k V 16.0 MW -16.0 MVR

16.0 MW 16.0 MVR

Generators are shown as circles

Arrows are used to show loads

Transmission lines are shown as a single line

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Power System Diagrams

Circuit vs. one-line diagram
16.8 MW 6.4 MVR 44.94 kV 16.8 MW 6.4 MVR 40.0 kV 16.0 MW 0.0 MVR

16.0 MW 16.0 MVR 16.0 MVR

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Summary
Introduction to the power flow problem and programs Numerical methods
Significance of lack of convergence Slack bus

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