Roll no.

10093004

Submitted by: JYOTI

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Biomaterial scaffold Functional cell Biomolecules ( growth factor, ECM ) Dynamic force

A non living material intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, replace any organ , tissue or function of the body.

A biomaterial substrate composed of nanometer scale component. Nanobiomaterial have an increased number of atoms & crystal grains at their surface & possess a higher surface area to volume ratio than conventional microscale biomaterial. These difference in surface topography alter the corresponding surface energy for protein adsorption.

In particular, the interaction of four protein known to enhance osteoblast functionFibronectin, Vitronectin, Laminin, Collagen - were shown to increase greatly on nanobiomaterial.

Biodegradable Resorbable Reproducible Biocompatibility Mechanical strength Biologically inert

Nanotechnology has the capability to improve implant biocompatibility , either-by coating implants with nanomaterials or -by using nanomaterials as implant material. Different types of coatings can be applied to improve the sustainability of the implant & to protect them against bacterial & fungal infection. The ultimate aim of using these novel technologies in implant , surgery is to heal the body quickly & efficiently without creating excessive pain.

Autograft bone remains as the gold standard treatment of bone defects in clinic due to its capability of providing cells , differentiative factors & a reliable matrix required for fusion. Disadvantage- can lead to number of complication like chronic pain infection. Allograft bone - associated with immune response ,disease transmission.

Delivery of an osteoblast remains a desirable option but the therapeutic molecule requires an osteoconductive biomaterial scaffold for its delivery. Naturally Derived Matrixderived from primary component of bone matrix & have natural affinity to growth factors as well as osteoinductive factors. Ex.- collagen , chitosan , hyaluronic acid matrices

Inorganic material hydroxyapatite - porous coralline

- calcium sulfate
Advantage: - resemblance to bone structure -can be resorbable or nonresorbable Disadvantage:- difficult to mold & brittle. Ceramic, biomaterial composites, oxidized cellulose ester,polyurethanes are potentially useful biomaterials for preparing bioactive porous scaffold.

Needle like HA nanoparticles with PLLA have been used to develop composite scaffolds to create bone structures with mechanical strength of natural bones ,high porosity , high cell affinity. Tantalum coated with nanophase HA has shown increased bone growth. Angstrom Medica has a product called NanOss Bone Void Filler,made of HA nanocrystals for high osteo-conductivity and strength in bone replacement.

Studies using nanophase Ti,Ti6Al4V, & CoCrMo alloys saw high deposition of calcium and phosphorus compared with conventional phase metals,indicating that nanophase promotes osteoblast metabolic function and can be used as a material for orthopaedic applications.

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of the biggest problems with cartilage tissue is its inability to repair itself. One of the most widely used method is the regeneration of cartilage tissue in vitro on a 3D scaffold and transplanting it to the damaged location.

Collagen :- It can be easily extracted from the tissue and can be readily processed in multiple forms. - It is liquid at 4Deg Celcius & can be polymerized by raising the temp. -Collagen sponge stimulate collagen synthesis while bioabsorbable polymer such as PGA enhanced proteoglycan synthesis.

Agarose :- Dynamic pressure transmission through agarose gel was complete and immediate , which validate use of agarose gel in employing dynamic pressurisation in cartilage tissue engineering. Alginate:- Forms a gel in the presence of divalent ions such as Ca & Mg. - Widely used as scaffold because solubility , gelation rates ,mechanical properties can be adjusted by the G/M ratio in the polymer backbone.

PLA,PGA,PLGA can form highly porous latticed structures that allow cell encapsulation and proliferation with effective nutrient and waste transfer. A no. of cell types such as chondrocytes and bone-marrow derived MSCs have been seeded in these polyester materials and cartilage matrix production have been achieved both in-vitro and in-vivo.

PLGA/HA nanocomposite for cartilage regeneration enhanced chondrocyte (cartilage cell) attachment , proliferation & response & doubled the tensile strength. A self-assembled peptide hydrogel was used as a scaffold to encapsulate chondrocytes for cartilage tissue repair and regeneration. Implant made from CNT composite composite were used to grow cartilage cells.

Replacement of teeth & bone with metal implants & plates is one of the frequently used & successful surgical procedure. Various coating have been developed to improve an implants ability to bond to living tissues , particularly bone. The idea is to apply a thin ceramic layer that will bond both to implant & to surrounding tissue . The material used are calcium phosphate such as HA or tricalcium phosphate (TCP).

Nano-composites & nanomaterial coatings have been developed commercially for bone & dental implant. Biomet has recently introduced a new dental implant called Nano Tite which deposits nanoscale calcium phosphate crystals to approximately 50% of implant surface. Biocompatible oxide ceramic based nanostructured composites have been developed by EC funded Bioker project ,to develop dental implants.

Stress & strain imbalances between an implant & surrounding tissue that leads to implant loosening &eventual fractures. Generation of wear debris in components of implants that interferes between the implant & surrounding tissue , leading to bone cell death. Poor osteointegration, issue with the bonding of orthopaedic implant to juxtaposed bone. Inability of implants to match the physical properties of surrounding bone.