SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

Introduction
Superconductivity was first discovered by Kamerlingh Onnes (1911.) First successful assembly of phenomenological equations made for superconductive metals - F. London (1935.) 1925. Einstein predicts special condensation of Bose-Einstein gas a pair of fermione can be combined to give bosons (known since 1931.) 1950. F. London compiled all known ideas about superconductivity in a book Superfluids vol.1. BCS theorie (Bardeen et al. ), 1957. first succsesful theorie which explains microscopic mechanism of superconductivity in metals and alloys

Introduction
Practical usage has increase but you stll need to cool down material to become superconducting Superconducting magnets are used in particle accelerators are cooled on 4K (He)- very rare and very expensive gas but using liquid nitrogen you can cooled down materials at T > 77K BCS ( John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and Robert Schrieffer) theorie cant explain all kind of behaviour of superconductivity type II. Superconductors The BCS theorie tells us that electrons in metals are paired by exchainging phonons Other theories replace phonons with other bosons : plasmons, excitons and magnons (Canright & Vignale , 1989, Tachiki &i Takahashi 1988, Takada 1993).

Superconductivity
Coling down mercury below 4.1 K shows superconductivity (Onnes) zero electrical resistivity Other parametres are necesary like magnetic field (H) and electricity (I) need to be below critical values

Superconductivity
Levitation of superconductor in magnetic field causes Meissner efect Induced electrisity in superconductors causes induced magnetic field with different magnetic moment from outer magnetic moment

Superconductivity

Picture 1.Levitation of magnet above superconductor ,with permission from wikipedia. org

Superconductivity
Picture 2. Meissner efect

Superconductivity
BCS theorie lost of electrical resistance creating electric pairs called Cooper pairs 1986. discovery of superconductors with high critical temperature Transformation of material from one phase to another leads to sudden change in resistivity of materials , transfomation doesnt occur in a form of changing inner structure or chemical change

Superconductivity
Material K 1.1 1.2 3.4

galium aluminum indium tin Lead niobium La-Ba-Cu oxide Y-Ba-Cu oxide Tl-Ba-Cu oxide

3.7
0 9.3 17.9 92 125

Types of superconductors
Type I. Superconductors Have:zero electrical resistivity below critical temp., zero internal magnetic field (Meissner efect), and crtitical magnetic field causing superconductivity 27 pure metals behaviour can be explained with BCS theorie Metals which shows excellent electrical conductivity doesnt shows superconductivity - the smallest vibrations of crystall lattice not enough Cooper pairs (gold, silver and copper ) Type II. Superconductors

Types of superconductors
Material
Rh W

Tc(K)
0 0,015

Be
Ir Lu

0,026
0,1 0,1

Hf
Ru Os

0,1
0,5 0,7

Mo
Zr

0,92
0,546

Vrste supravodia
Material
Cd U

Tc(K)
0,56 0,2

Ti
Zn Ga

0,39
0,85 1,083

Gd
Al Pa

1,1
1,2 1.4

Th
Re

1,4
1,4

Vrste supravodia
Material Tl In Sn Hg Ta La Pb Tc(K)
2.39 3,408 3,722 4,153 4,47 6,00 7.193

Types of superconductors
Type II. Superconductors materials that shows better characteristics than type I. Superconductors Have higher critical magnetic fields Have mixed magnetic conditions vortex state which are repulsive towards applied outside magnetic field NbTi used for production of superconducting magnets

Types of superconductors
Material Transformation temp.K Critical field (T)

NbTi

10

15

PbMoS
V3Ga NbN VSi Nb3Sn

14,4
14,8 15,7 16,9 18,0

6,0
2,1 1,5 2,35 24,5

Nb3Al
Nb3(AlGe)

18,7
20,7

32,4
44

Nb3Ge

23,2

38

Superconductivity
The new ones : magnesium diboride and plutonium compounds (search for on ScienceDirect) 1993. Schilling & Cantoni, proved experimentally the highest achieved Tc 135 K , under 1 atm, for system Hg-Ba-Ca-Cu-O but the temp. can rise above 180 K using higher pressure

Experimental part
Performed on Institute Ruer Bokovid (Zagreb) with help of dipl.ing Lidija Andro 2BaCO3 + 3CuO + Y2O3 = YBa2Cu307- Total mass of sample 2 g, means: 1,0570 g BaCO3 0,6390 g CuO 0,3025 g Y 0

Experimental part
We made 2 pastilles and put them in owen : 1.phase : 900 C - 480 minutes 900 C 600 min 2.phase : 930 C - 480 min 930 C - 600 min 3.phase with oxygen : 8 h on 950 C, 16 h on 950 C, 5h on 420 C, 6h on 420 C, 5h on 20 C

Usage
Magnets Mass spectrophotometers Particle acclerators SQUID(superconducting quantum interference devices) - Energy transfer , transformators and acumulators - TGV Maglev trains

Literature ; - ScienceDaily: Physicist Discovers Exotic Superconductivity - Hyperphysics stranica for BCS and Meissner efect http://hyperphysics.phy - http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu SUPERCONDUCTIVITY THEORY AND APPLICATIONS , Adir Moyss Luiz, INTECHweb.org, Rijeka, Croatia , 2011 www.superconductors.org