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ABDOMEN
PRESENTED BY-
PRAKASH CHINNANNAVAR
HISTORY OF CT SCAN
1917-J RADON,WORKING WITH
GRAVITATIONAL THEORY
1956-BRACEWELL WORKING IN
RADIOASTRONOMY
1961-OLDENDORF UNDERSTOOD
CONCEPT OF CT
1972-G.N.HOUNSFIELD PUT A CT
SYSTEM TOGETHER.
HISTORY OF CT SCAN
CT was originally proposed and used as an extension of
the basic X-ray: doctors wanted to see inside the head,
but standard X-ray techniques could not penetrate the
dense skull while distinguishing soft tissues
The first scanners could only do one slice at a time and
each slice took 4 minutes to complete
By 1976, whole body scanners were developed
Today’s machines can acquire a slice in less than half a
second (.1 second for the GE top-end multislice
LightSpeed Pro16 with Xtream)
Advancements still occurring through new technology
COMPUTED TOMOGRPHY
BASIC PRINCIPLE of CT is that the internal
structure of an object can be reconstructed from
multiple projections of that object.
The ray projections are formed by scanning a
thin cross section of the body with a narrow x-
ray beam and measuring the transmitted
radiation with a sensitive radiation detector.
The detector adds up the energy of all the
transmitted photon. The numerical data from
multiple ray sums are than computer processed
to reconstruct an image.
CT SCANNER
It is having 3 component–
1. X-ray tube
2. collimator
3. Detector –two types of
detectors used in CT
scanner-
Scintillation crystals
Xenon gas ionisation
chambers
• various designs of CT scanner-
1. First generation (translate –rotate ,one detector )
2. Second gen. (translate – rotate ,two detector)
Third gen. (rotate – rotate ) Fourth gen. (rotate –fixed)
IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION
- In CT cross section of body is divided into many tiny
blocks and each is assigned a number proportional
to the degree that the block attenuate the x-ray
beam.
- The linear attenuation coefficient (µ) is used to
quantitate attenuation and is determined by
composition and thickness of ‘voxel’ ,along with
quality of the beam .
- CT numbers are derived by comparing linear
attenuation coefficient of a pixel with that of water
and are described in HOUNSFIELD UNIT .
•
CT density scale :-
Water – ‘0’ HU
Air - ‘-1000’ HU
Calcification – ‘+1000’ HU
Fat - ‘-100’ HU
Hemorrhage – ’60-70’ HU
Bone appears white; gases and liquids are
black; tissues are gray
Improvements over X-Rays
Provides 3D images
and cross-sectional
views instead of basic
2D images
CT Scans can show
soft tissue as well as
bone, allowing
physicians to detect problems such as cancerous tumors
Extremely helpful in determining organ anatomy, especially following
trauma
Can determine tissue density difference of less than 1% while X-
rays can allow determine tissue density difference of 5%
A present-day
Circa 1975, in the
scan, showing a
early days of the CT
six-fold increase
scan.
in detail
History of CT Scan (continued)
Specifications First CT (circa Modern CT
1970) Scanner
(2001)
Time to acquire one 4-5 minutes 0.5 seconds
CT image
Ring Artifact
Probably the most common mechanical artifact, the
image of one or many 'rings' appears within an image. This
is usually due to a detector fault
Noise Artifact
This appears as graining on the image and is caused by
a low signal to noise ratio. This occurs more commonly
when a thin slice thickness is used. It can also occur
when the power supplied to the X-ray tube is insufficient
to penetrate the anatomy.
Motion Artifact
This is seen as blurring and/or streaking which is caused
by movement of the object being imaged.
Beam Hardening
This can give a 'cupped appearance'. It occurs when
there is more attenuation in the center of the object than
around the edge. This is easily corrected by filtration and
software.
HELICAL/SPIRAL SCANNING
CONTRAST MATERIAL
Helical scanners
Quicker scan time
Images for overlapping slices can be generated
Single-slice detectors
Slow exam times
Multi-slice detectors
Much quicker exam times
Up to 4 slices in 0.5 seconds
What typically gets scanned
brain and spinal abnormalities
brain tumors and strokes
sinusitis
aortic aneurysms and other blood vessels
hemorrhage
chest infections
diseases of organs such as the liver,
kidneys, and lymph nodes in the
abdomen.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
FOR CT SCAN
-CONTRAST ALLERGY
-CLAUSTROPHOBIA
-PREGNANCY
CT APPLICATIONS
LIVER
LIVER
HEPATIC PARENCHYMA
ATTENUATION VALUE AROUND 45-65
-THERMAL
NEUROLYSIS
WHAT’S NEW IN CT?
VIRTUAL ENDOSCOPY
-IMAGING PERFORMED VIA CT TO PRODUCE
THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGES
-USED TO DIAGNOSE
DIVERTICULOSIS,POLYPS AND
MALIGNANCY
-PROCEDURE
-OPTICAL COLONOSCOPY HAS BECOME
GOLD STANDARD IN SCREENING OF
COLORECTAL CANCERS.
ADVANTAGES-
-MORE COMFORTABLE
-NO SEDATION
-MORE DETAILED
EVALUATION
-TAKES LESSER TIME
DISADVANTAGES-
-EXPOSURE TO RADIATION
-SMALLER LESIONS NOT PICKED UP
-BIOPSY CAN’T BE TAKEN
COMPOSITE CT-PET SCAN