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Metabolic Syndrome
Ryland Bradley University of the Free State Appalachian State University

Definition

Metabolic Syndrome is a group of factors, that when combined, increases the risks for developing

Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial Infarction Stroke Type 2 Diabetes Atherosclerosis

Also referred to as: metabolic syndrome X, cardiometabolic syndrome, syndrome X, insulin resistant syndrome, Reavens syndrome, and CHAOS

More than 1/3 of adults (34%) have metabolic syndrome

Metabolic Syndrome 70 M Type 2 Diabetes 22 M

Dyslipidaemia 100 M

Pre-Diabetes 57 M

Diagnosis

Multiple sets for identifying criteria of Metabolic Syndrome but the risk factors discussed in all are

A large waistline Dyslipidemia: high triglycerides (TG) and low HDL cholesterol High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) High Blood High Fasting Blood Glucose High Sugar Sugar Disease

IDF WHO AHA

Main Features

Central Obesity

Energy/Caloric Intake > Energy/Caloric Expenditure

High energy diets

Low physical activity

A large waistline Normal (cm) Female 87.5 Male 100 Metabolic (cm) Female >87.5 Male >100

Hypertension

Blood Pressure increases in the arteries heart works harder to circulate blood through vessels

High Blood Pressure Systolic BP (mmHg) Normal Prehypertension Hypertension (Stage 1 & 2) Metabolic <120 120-139 140-159 160 130 or or Diastolic (mmHg) and <80 80-89 90-99 85 100

Cholesterol

Diet is crucial in healthy cholesterol levels

Low saturated fats (animal products) Low trans fats, especially from partially hydrogenated oils (sweets, processed foods) High fiber & nutrients (fruits, vegetables)

Low HDL Cholesterol Normal HDL (mmol/L) Metabolic HDL (mmol/L)

Female
1.50

Male
1.50

Female
1.30

Male
1.00

Hypertriglyceridemia

TG are helpful in the production of energy at a healthy level

High TG levels can cause diabetes, kidney or liver disease

Triglycerides Normal (mmol/L) <1.7 Metabolic (mmol/L) >1.7

Insulin
Normal/Healthy Insulin Response

Insulin Resistance

Fasting Blood Glucose Normal (mmol/L) 4.4-6.1 Metabolic (mmol/L) 6.1

The cell does not recognize the insulin and does not take up glucose. Glucose is not stored or used as fuel. Blood glucose levels are increased.

Risk Factors

Stress
Overweight & Obesity Sedentary Lifestyle

Aging
Diabetes Mellitus Coronary Heart Disease Rheumatic Diseases

Prevention & Treatment

Tackling each risk factor individually

Quit Smoking and Drinking Alcohol Changes to Behavior

Increase physical activity (at least 30 minutes a day)

Reduced calorie diet

Good Food vs. Bad Food

Bad Food Choices

Low Income

Middle to Upper Class

Butter

Excessive red meat

Full Cream Milk or Creamora

Take Aways (KFC, Steers, etc.) Skin of chicken

Chocolate
Organ meats (kidney & liver) Sweets Cheese

Simba Chips
AVOID ALCOHOL

Good Food Choices

Low Income

Middle to Upper Class

Chicken

Margarine
Rolled Oats/Porridge Lean Protein (Soy, Beans, FISH)

Lean Protein (Soy, Ostrich, Beans, FISH) Calorie free cool drinks Liquid oils instead of butter nuts

Non-fat milk
Vegetables (esp. carrots, spinach, green beans, broccoli) Fruits

Vitamin & Mineral Supplements (Vitamin C, E, B-carotene, Zinc, Selenium)

Overall Healthy Eating Reminders

Reduce total fat intake (especially saturated fats)

Avoid high cholesterol and high fat diets Eat foods high in fiber

Eat Regularly, do not skip meals

Eat foods with a low glycaemic index Control portion sizes Everything in moderation!

ABCDE Approach to Metabolic Syndrome

Assessment: Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome from a doctor. (blood tests, lifestyle questions) Aspirin: Helps to prevent heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots

Blood Pressure Control: High BP can be reduced through weight loss, a good diet, and regular exercise

Cholesterol Management: Can be controlled through diet and lifestyle changes (possibly medication if necessary)

Diabetes Prevention: Type 2 diabetes can be controlled through dietary changes and medication. Diet: Avoid refined sugar, white flour, white rice, potatoes, empty calorie foods, and processed foods. Eat more greens, vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fat-free dairy products, and lean proteins. Eat a meal or snack every 3 hours, stop eating 2 hours before bed, eat carbohydrates in the morning, drink lots of water.

Exercise: resistance training and cardiovascular exercise is recommended for improved fitness and weight loss

*Weight Loss is the most effective treatment for metabolic syndrome*

References

Cholesterol, Chai. "Lower Cholesterol." Cholesterol Is. 2012. Web. <http://www.cholesterol-is.com/category/lowercholesterol-2/>. "How Do You Treat Metabolic Syndrome?" WebMD. WebMD. Web. <http://www.webmd.com/heart/metabolicsyndrome/how-do-you-treat-metabolic-syndrome>. "Metabolic Syndrome." American Heart Association. American Heart Association, 2012. Web. <http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/MetabolicSyndrome/MetabolicSyndrome_UCM_002080_SubHomePage.jsp>. "Metabolic Syndrome Treatment." The Metabolic Syndrome Handbook. Web. <http://www.metabolic-syndromehandbook.com/content/metabolic-syndrome-treatment>. "Nursing Care Plan - Hypertension." Nursing Crib. 23 Oct. 2008. Web. <http://nursingcrib.com/nursing-careplan/nursing-care-plan-hypertension/>. Taeye, B., L. Smith, and D. Vaughan. "Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1: A Common Denominator in Obesity, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease." Current Opinion in Pharmacology 5.2 (2005): 149-54. Print.

"Understanding Triglycerides." CholesterolAdvice.net. 2012. Web. <http://www.cholesteroladvice.net/understanding-triglycerides/>.

Thank You!