Presenter: Kelly-Ann Brown RNII, Bscn, Cen

Define and list the signs and symptoms of the following: Schizophrenia Depression Bipolar Disorder Personality disorder 2. Discuss Treatment Modalities
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A serious psychiatric disorder characterized by impaired communication with loss of contact with reality and deterioration from previous level of functioning in work, social relations or self care. a severe mental disorder characterized by intellectual deterioration, social isolation, disorganized speech and behavior, delusions, and hallucinations.

Positive signs/symptoms 1. Excess or distortion of normal functions 2. Delusions (persecutory or grandiose) 3. Disorganized thoughts or speech 4. Hallucinations (visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile or gustatory) 5. Excitement or agitation 6. Hostility or aggressive behaviour

Positive signs/symptoms contd 7. Suspiciousness, ideas of reference 8. Pressured speech 9.Bizarre behaviour or dress 10. Possible suicidal tendencies

Negative Signs/Symptoms 1. loss of normal functions 2. Anergia (lack of energy) 3. Anhedonia (loss of pleasure or interest) 4. Emotional withdrawal 5. Poor eye contact 6. Blunted affect

Negative Sign/symptoms contd 7. Social withdrawal 8. Difficult in abstract thinking 9. Alogia (lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation) 10. Dysfunctional relationship with others.

Paranoid Schizophrenia: clients experiencing paranoid schizophrenia tend to experience persecutory or grandiose delusions, and auditory hallucinations. They may display behavioural changes such as anger, hostility, or violent behaviour. Clinical symptoms may pose a threat to the safety to self or others.

Catatonic Schizophrenia: client experiences extreme loss of motor skills and holds rigid poses for hours and will ignore any external stimuli. Disorganized Schizophrenia: the symptoms of disorganized schizophrenia are considered the most severe of all types. The patient experiences disintegration of personality and is withdrawn. Speech maybe incoherent, poor personal hygiene and grooming.

Depression A mood characterized by a feeling of sadness, dejection, despair, discouragement or hopelessness.

Prior episodes of depression Family history of depressive disorders Prior suicide attempts Female gender Lack of social support Post partum period Stressful life events Current alcohol or substance abuse

Five or more of the following symptoms during the same two (2) week period. 1. Depressed mood occurring most of the day, nearly everyday. 2. Marked diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities most of the day nearly everyday. 3. Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideations without a specific plan or a suicide attempt.

4. Insomnia (inability to sleep) or hypersomnia (sleeping excessively) nearly everyday. 5. Agitation nearly every day 6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly everyday 7. Feeling of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt. 8.Diminished ability to think or concentrate or indecisiveness.

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Major Depressive Disorders the client experience five or more of the symptoms.

2. Dysthymic Disorder symptoms are not as severe as major depressive disorder.

A major affective disorder characterised by episodes of mania and depression.

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Bipolar Disorder 1: this is a recurrent disorder in which the individual may experience one or more manic episodes or mixed episodes. During manic episodes the individual exhibit an abnormal persistently elevated expansive or irritable mood that last for atleast one week.

2. Bipolar Disorder 2:This disorder is characterized by reurrent major depressive episodes with hypo manic (a mood between euphoria and excessive elation) episodes. Types of Bipolar the individual 3. Cyclothymic disorders: Disorders displays numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria of bipolar 1 or 2

Inflated self esteem or grandiosity Decreased need for sleep More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking Flight of ideas; racing thoughts Distractability Increase in goal directed activity or agitation. Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences.

A non-psychotic illness characterized by maladaptive behaviour that the person uses to fulfill his or her needs and brings satisfaction to self. As a result of the inability to relate to the environment the person acts out conflict socially.

The person denies the maladaptive behaviours he or she exhibits; they have become a way of life. The maladaptive behaviours are inflexible Minor stress is poorly tolerated, resulting in increased inability to cope with anxiety The person is in contact with reality, although he or she has difficulty dealing with it.

Disturbance of mood such as anxiety or depression may be present. Psychiatric help is rarely sought because the person is unaware or denies that his or her behaviour is maladaptive.

Crisis intervention Individual Psychotherapy Group Therapy Couple and Family Therapy Psychopharmacology Occupational Therapy Recreational Therapy

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