MLZ 320 GLASS TECHNOLOGY

REFRACTIVE INDEX PRESENTATION

CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION

What is glass? Types of glass Wavelength of light Why is the index of refractive measured? Optical Materials Temperature coefficient on refractive index Density role on the index of refractive Ion effect on the refractive index Addition of Molar Alkali Oxides vs Refractive Index

What is Glass ?

Fusion of sand (SiO2), soda (Na2CO3) & lime (CaO) that produces a transparent solid when cooled,in general. A 3D network of atoms which lacks the repeated, orderly arrangement typical of crystalline materials. Physical properties: hard, elastic, brittle, non-conductor of electricity, density, refractive index, etc. Chemical: resistant to all but fluorine and very strong bases.

What Types of Glass Are There?

Soda-Lime-Silica Glass : Windows,bottles,light bulbs,fibers,mirrors,lenses,etc. Borosilicate Glass : Chemical lab wares,cooking wares,high wear lenses as automobile lenses,etc.

Aluminasilicate Glass : High strength fibers,refractory glass application,chemically resistant glass,etc.

Lead Crystal Glass : Stemware,fine lead glass,art glass,etc. Other types of glasses : Borate,Phosphate,Germanate,Vanadate Glasses,etc.

Various Figures of Glasses

Wavelengths of Light

nm: for near UV, visible, and near IR light

mm: for IR and far IR light : for x-ray. But in this regime people usually use photon energy in eV.

eV

1240 (nm)

When a beam of light falls on a piece of glass, some of the light is reflected from the glass surface, some of the light passes through the glass, and some is absorbed in the glass.
The measure of the proportion of light reflected from the surface is called reflectance. The measure of the proportion absorbed is the absorptance. The measure of the proportion transmitted is the transmittance

Why Measure Refractive Index?

Refractive index: ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to the velocity of light in any other medium
For example, at 25 degree of celcius the refractive index of water is 1.333. This means that light travels 1.333 times faster in a vacuum than it does in water. Like density, refractive index is an intensive property but it can be measured very precisely (0.0002) and does not destroy the sample. Refractive index of glass varies with small changes in composition or by how it is manufactured.

Refractive Index

The two transparent optical media that form an interface are distinguished from one another by a constant called the index of refraction, generally labeled with the symbol n. The index of refraction for any transparent optical medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium.

Snells Law

The higher the n, the more the light bends

Optical Materials
As we know glass is very interesting materials with useful properties such as: Glasses are among the few solids that transmit visible light. Glasses form the basic elements of virtually all optical systems. World-wide telecommunications by optical fibers. Aesthetic appeal of fine glassware- 'crystal' chandeliers. High refractive index/birefringent PbO-based.

Fused Silica Glass

Fused silica are medium refractive index glasses containing predominantely SiO2 in the amorphous form.
Its refractive index varies from 1.55 to 1.40 due to optically stable.

Lead Based Glass

It is made by using lead oxide instead of calcium oxide, and potassium oxide instead of all or most of the sodium oxide. The traditional full lead crystal contains at least 30% lead oxide (PbO) but any glass containing at least 24% PbO can be described as lead crystal. Glass with even higher lead oxide contents (typically 65%) may be used as radiation shielding because of the well-known ability of lead to absorb gamma rays and other forms of harmful radiation. Lead glass has a high refractive index making it sparkle brightly and a relatively soft surface so that it is easy to decorate by grinding, cutting and engraving which highlights the crystal's brilliance making it popular for glasses, decanters and other decorative objects. Its toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other metals such as Zn,Ca,Fe.

Barium Based Glass

Due to harmful effects of lead,many researchers try to produce lead-free crystal glass and hence Barium compounds can be used to replace lead compounds.

Barium based glass provides to increase hardness and refractive index.

Barium oxide is also lighter than lead oxide, making the glass lighter with
about the same durability.

Both barium oxide and lead give extra brilliance and clarity to crystal and differentiate it from plain glass.

Glass containing barium is not quite as heavy as lead crystal, but achieves similar brilliance due to its high refractive index.

Temperature Coefficient on Refractive Index

The refractive index of optical glasses changes with temperature, the extend of which depending on the glass type and on the wavelength Decreasing density with temperature(positive thermal expansion coefficient,the usual case) decreases refractive index High thermal expansion materials such as the alkali and thalliumhalides have negative thermo-optic coefficients,whereas low thermal expansion materials such as most silicate and borate glasses have positive thermo-optic coefficients.

Density Role on the Index of Refraction

The density of glass also plays a role in controlling the refractive index
Decreases in temperature,which increase the density of most glasses, increase the refractive index

Ion Effect on the Refractive Index

Non-bridging oxygens are more polarizable than bridging oxygens, compositional changes which result in the formation of non-bridging oxygens increase the refractive index of glasses, while changes in composition which reduce the non-bridging oxygen concentration can reduce the refractive index The refractive index alkali silicate glasses thus increase with increasing alkali oxide concentration, while replacement of alkali oxides by alumina , which reduces the non-bridging oxygen concentration, can cause a reduction in the refractive index The most polarizable ions have very large electronic clouds and small oxidation numbers,e.g. Tl+ and Pb2+, which are used to produce very high refractive index glasses.

Addition of Molar Alkali Oxides vs Refractive Index

1,560 1,550 1,540 1,530 1,520 1,510 1,500 1,490 1,480 1,470 1,460 0 10 20 30 40
Refractive Indexxx

The use of the molar refractivity stresses the role of ionic packing in controlling the refractive index of a glass. Since the refractive index is proportional to the molar refractivity divided by the molar volume,it is obvious that a small molar volume will yield a larger refractive index for a glass consisting of ions of similar polarizabilities.

Cs Rb Li K

Mol % Alkali Oxide

References

http://www.lenntech.com/glass.htm http://www.britglass.org.uk/types-glass http://www.scientific.net/AMR.228-229.634 http://glassproperties.com/refractive_index/ Introduction to Glass Science and Technology,Second Edition,James E.Shelby Lecture Notes

THANKS FOR ATTENTION