Disorder of Nervous System cont.

Causes: I. Brain Trauma II. Vascular insults III. Tumors IV.Systemic degenerative diseases V. Seizures

 Cause: head injuries Result:

I. II. III. IV. skull fractures hemorrhage or bleeding Swelling direct injury to the brain itself

2 types of injuries:
I. Mild

injury- bruises the brain tissue

II. Severe injury- destruction of the brain tissue, leading to severe swelling to the

brain.

I. CONCUSSION

II. SUBDURAL HEMATOMA III. EPIDURAL HEMATOMA

 Definition: violent shaking of the brain Cause: fall or blow to the head Result: Temporary loss of consciousness leading to short term amnesia. Symptoms:
Dizziness Nausea Headache

Amnesia: without memory (a- without; -mnesia- memory)

 Definition: blood trapped in the subdural space beneath the dura mater. Cause: Blow to front or back of the head.

sub- under and dural- dura layer of meninges; hemat/o- blood and oma- a tumor of collection of

 Definition: blood collects between the dura mater and the skull. Cause: skull fracture or blow to the head Result: pressure on the blood vessels, causing interruption in blood flow to the brain.
epi- on top of and dural- dura layer of the meninges; hemat/o- blood and -oma- a tumor or collection of

 definition: injury, attack, or trauma to the blood vessels. Types:

I.Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) II.Transient ischemic attack (TIA) III.Aneurysm

 Cause: blockage or rupture of a blood vessel leading to oxygen deprivation. Symptoms: I. Hemiparesis/hemiplegia: Paralysis of one side of the body. II. Aphasia: Loss of ability to understand or express speech
Hemiparesis (hemi-: half, -paresis: partial paralysis) Hemiplegia (hemi-: half, -plegia: paralysis Aphasia (a- without, phasia- speech)

 Definition: temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain. Symptoms: dizziness and weakness

 Definition: localized dilation of an artery Cause : weakness in vessel wall or heart chamber.

 Definition: lesions or neoplasms. Result: localized dysfunction causing an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) 2 types of tumors: I. Benign II. Malignant Tumors have the ability to metastasize from other parts of the body to the brain.

Astrocytomas- astr/o- : star-shaped, cyt/o-: cell, -

 Develop slowly over time Start from individual components and later end up affecting one or more body systems. Types of diseases:
I.Multiple Sclerosis II.Parkinsons Disease III.Alzheimers disease

 Definition: progressive degenerative disease Cause: demylination

Definition: patchy loss of myelin sheath

Symptoms: leg weakness, double vision, numbers, tingling, and paralysis

(De- loss of, myelin- myelin sheath, -tion- state of)

 Definition: rigidity and lack of associated muscle movements. Occurrence: usually after age 60 Cause:
I. loss of neurotransmitter dopamine causing inhibition in transmission of nerve impulses.

Result:
I. Dysphagia- ( dys- : difficult; phag/o : swallowing; -ia condition of) II. Difficulty in mastication III.Weakness IV.Tremors V. Facial mask( no expression) VI.Muscle rigidity

 Definition: degenerative disease that causes a progressive loss of intellectual function. Cause:
I. Atrophy of cerebral cortex

eventually becomes a fatal condition

De- apart from; ment- mind; -ia- condition of

 Cause: abnormal uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain which is a cause of:
I. II. III. IV. V. Tumors Trauma Fevers Medications Other causes

Two types of experiences:

I. Subtle/mild: experience: weird odors, staring off into space. II. Convulsion: loss of consciousness and involuntary arm and leg movements.

Two types: I. Grand Mal Seizures: i. Severe ii. Characterized by tonic-clonic convulsions II. Petit mal seizures:
i. ii. iii. Milder form Last only a few seconds Do not include convulsive movements.

Eplilepsy:
Definition: Chronic disorder in which there is recurrence of seizures.
Cause: excessive discharge of neurons in the brain Result: some alteration in consciousness

Tonic-clonic convulsions- alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles that produce jerking movements of the face, trunk or extremities)

 Causes:
I. Physical changes II. Substance Abuse III. Medications

Types of disorders:
I. Anxiety disorders II. Mood disorders III. Psychotic disorders

Anxiety Disorder
Definition: feelings of apprehension or uneasiness. Types:
i.

I. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (OCD).

Feel compelled to perform certain actions repeatedly in order to alleviate fears or intrusive thoughts

II. Panic Disorder

i.

Anxiety and fear arise frequently without unreasonable cause.

III.

Posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD)

i. ii. Mental and emotional stress occurs as a result of injury or severe psychological shock.

IV.

Phobias:
i. Persistent and irrational fears of specific Situations or things

I.

Depression:
i. prolonged periods of lost interest or pleasure in almost all activities

II. Bipolar disorder (manic-disorder):

i. Manic and depressive episodes ii. Manic episode is an atypically elated mood iii. Inflated sef-esteem, iv. Rapid v. Speech, vi. Increased creativity vii. Little need for sleep viii. Inability to function normally as a result.

Patients exhibit both mania and depression

Psychotic Disorders
More serious than anxiety or mood disorders. Definition: loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning. Two types:
1. Psychosis:

Severe version Lose touch with reality

Schizophrenia:
i. ii. iii. Manifests itself as paranoia withdrawal psychotic symptoms, like delusions or hallucinations.

2. Neurosis: i. Milder mental illness ii. Symptoms of stress but there is no loss of touch with reality.
neur/o: nerve, -osis ; psych/o: mind, -osis; schiz/o: to split, phren : mind, -ia : condition of

ADHD CNS CVA ECT EEG ICP IQ LOC LP MS

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Central nervous system Cerebrovascular accident Electroconvulsive therapy Electroencephalography Intracranial pressure Intelligence quotient Level of consciousness Lumbar puncture Multiple sclerosis

OBS OCD PERRLA

Organic brain syndrome Obsessive-compulsive disorder Pupils equal, round and reactive to light and accommodation Peripheral nervous system Posttraumatic stress disorder Seasonal affective disorder Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation Transient ischemic attack

PNS PTSD SAD TENS TIA

I. NEUROSURGEONS AND NEUROLOGISTS

Work with patients who experience disorders of neuromuscular system. II. PSYCHIATRISTS

Work with patients with behavioral and mental health disorders III. PSYCHOLOGIST Medical professional with an advanced academic degree who treats mental and behavioral disorders

Craniectomy Craniotomy Computerized tomography (CT)

Excision of part of the skull Incision into the skull Noninvasive radiologic test that uses a computer to produce crosssectional images of the soft tissue structures of the brain and spinal cord. This procedure can reveal problems such as brain tumors, aneurysms, herniations, and cerebral hemorrhages.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or Electroshock therapy (EST)

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A controlled convulsion produced by passing an electric current through the brain Record of the electrical potential of the brain The electroencephalogram produced by EEG is a written record of the brains electrical activity and used to document increased electrical events of the brain seen with seizure activity in epilepsy

Lobotomy

Incision into a lobe

Lumbar puncture (LP)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Myelography

Insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space between the third and fourth or fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae to withdraw fluid for diagnosis Uses radio waves and a very strong magnetic field to produce images of the soft tissue It is used to visualize diseaserelated changes in the brain or the spinal cord when many x-ray procedures wouldnt be able to detect them. Radiography of the spinal cord and nerve roots.
Surgery to repair a nerve

Neuroplasty