By Dr Rashid Hassan Head of Department Science of Dental Materials Department W.M.D.

C ABBOTTABAD

METAL: A substance that is a good conductor of heat and electricity and when polished becomes a good reflector of light. ALLOY: A crystalline structure with metallic properties that is composed of two or more chemical elements atleast one of which is a metal. METALLOIDS: Few elements that behave like metals and sometimes non metals.

GRAIN: A microscopic single crystal in a microscopic structure of a metallic material. NUCLEUS: Stable cluster of atoms of a new phase that is formed within a present phase. PHASE: A heterogeneous, physically distinct and mechanically separable region of a metal microstructure.
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DUCTILITY: Ability of a material to deform plastically under a tensile stress before fracture. e.g. metal drawn readily into long thin wires. MALLEABILITY: The ability of a material to sustain plastic deformation, without fracture under compression.
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Gold is the most ductile and malleable pure metal, followed by silver. Platinum is ranked third in ductility. Copper ranks third in malleability.

HARDNESS: In mineralogy, relative hardness of a substance is based upon its ability to resist scratching. In metallurgy and mostly in all other disciplines, hardness is defined as resistance to indentation. Designated as
KNOOP HARDNESS NUMBER. BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBER. VICKERS HARDNESS NUMBER. ROCKWELL HARDNESS NUMBER.
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Shapes produced by indentors On materials

KNOOP HARDNESS TEST

VICKERS HARDNESS TEST

BRINELL & ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

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INTRODUCTION All metals are hard and lustrous at room temperature except mercury Many uses in dentistry. 1. In the construction of instruments. 2. Wires for orthodontics. 3. Crowns. 4. Inlays. 5. Dental implants 6. Denture base material. 7. Filling material.
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3 METHODS
WORKING. 3. AMALGAMATION.
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2. COLD

1. CASTING.

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE CRYSTALLINE IN SOLID STATE. METALS ARE HEATED UPTO THE MOLTEN STATE AND THEN COOLED. SOLIDIFICATION OCCURS AT SPECIFIC SITES CALLED NUCLEI. NUCLEI ARE FORMED FROM IMPURITIES. CRYSTALS GROW AND FORM DENDRITES. CRYSTAL GROWTH CONTINUES TLL THE MATERIAL HAS BECOME SOLID AND ALL DENDRITES COME IN CONTACT. EACH CRYSTAL IS KNOWN AS GRAIN AND THE AREA BETWEEN THE TWO GRAINS IN CONTACT IS CALLED GRAIN BOUNDRY
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IN CRYSTALLINE STATE, EACH GRAIN HAVE APPROXIMATELY THE SAME DIMENSION IN EACH DIRECTION FROM THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS. EQUIAXIAL GRAIN STRUCTURE IS FORMED. ANY CHANGE IN THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE CAN CAUSE CHANGES IN MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.
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Atoms within a grain are arranged in a regular 3 dimensional lattice.

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NOBLE METALS: Metals which have high resistance to oxidation,corrosion & dissolution in organic solvents. (Au, Pt, Ir, Os, Ag, Pd, Rh, Ru) BASE METALS: Metals that undergo oxidation & corrosion easily are base metals. (Fe, Co, Ni, Al, Ti, Cr etc) METALLOIDS: (discussed previously)
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METALLIC BONDING: FORM + IONS IN SOLUTION: GOOD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT & ELECTRICITY: 4) VERY DUCTILE & MALLEABLE: 5) OPAQUE: 6) WHITE COLOUR: 7) HIGH DENSITY: 8) HIGH FRACTURE TOUGHNESS: 9) HIGH MELTING & BOILING TEMPERATURES:
1) 2) 3)
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Cast dental alloys can be classified according to following 5 categories 1) According to use: 2) According to major elements: 3) According to nobility: 4) According to principal 3 elements: 5) According to dominant phase system:

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1) a)
b)

c)
d) e)

f)

ACCORDING TO USE: All metal inlays. Crowns and bridges. Metal ceramic prosthesis. Posts and cores. Removable partial dentures. Implants.

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2) a)
b)

c)
d) e)

f)

ACCORDING TO MAJOR ELEMENTS: Gold based. Palladium based. Silver based. Nickel based. Cobalt based. Titanium based.

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3) a)
b)

c)

ACCORDING TO NOBILITY: High noble. Noble. Predominantly base metal.

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4) a)
b)

c)
d) e)

f)

ACCORDING TO PRINCIPAL 3 ELEMENTS: Au-Pd-Ag. Pd-Ag-Sn. Ni-Cr-Be. C0-Cr-Mo. Ti-Al-V. Fe-Ni-Cr.

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5) a)
b)

c)
d)

DOMINANT PHASE SYSTEM: Single phase (isomorphous) Eutectic. Peritectic. Intermetallic.

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Divided into 2 types

Noble metal casting alloys

e.g. Gold alloys. Base metal casting alloys e.g. Cobalt chromium, Nickel chromium alloys.
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GOLD ALLOYS Gold is alloyed with other metals (silver, copper, palladium). Alloying improves
Surface hardness. Strength.

Low melting point.

Homogeneous casting by finer grain size.
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PROPORTIONING OF GOLD (CARATAGE or FINENESS OF GOLD ALLOYS) Carat and fineness numbers donate the proportion of gold in an alloy. CARAT GRADING: Carat number of an alloy shows how many 24th of metal by weight is gold.18 carat gold means 18 out of 24 parts is gold. FINENESS GRADING: Fineness number for an alloy is 10 times the percentage of gold within it. E.g. 75% gold alloy is 750 fine.
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Two types of heat treatments.

SOFTENING HEAT TREATMENT: HARDENING HEAT TREATMENT:

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SOFTENING HEAT TREATMENT

Alloy is placed in an electric furnace for 10 min at a temperature of 700 C. Quenching in water is done next. Ductility increases. Tensile strength and hardness are decreased.

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HARDENING HEAT TREATMENT (AGE HARDENING) Done in 3 ways: 1) Heating alloy at a specific temp for a definite time before quenching in water. Aging temp is usually 200-450 C. Aging time is 10-15 min. 2) Heating the alloy at 700 C and allowed to cool slowly and gradually at room temperature. Crystal structure transforms properly by this method.
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3)

Alloy is allowed to cool in a furnace from 450-250 C over 30 min. Then quenching is done in water. Hardness is increased but alloy becomes brittle.

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According to ISO gold alloys are classified as Type 1: Low strength - For castings subjected to very low stresses (inlays), minimum yield strength of 80 Mpa and minimum percent elongation is 18% Type 2: Medium strength - For castings subjected to moderate stresses (inlays, onlays & full crowns), minimum yield strength of 190 Mpa & minimum percent elongation is 10%
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Type 3: High strength - For castings subjected to high stresses (onlays, thin copings, pontics, crowns and saddles), minimum yield strength is 270 Mpa and minimum percent elongation is 5% Type 4: Extra high strength - For castings subjected to very high stresses (saddles, bars, clasps, certain single units and cast partial denture frameworks), minimum yield strength 360 Mpa & minimum percent elongation is 3%
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METAL CERAMIC ALLOYS A group of noble metal alloys that bind with the porcelain. Large variation in chemical composition yet few common properties. Potential to bind with dental porcelain. Coefficient of thermal expansion similar to dental porcelain. High melting temperature to allow application and fusion of low fusing porcelain. Indium, tin and iron present in these alloys provide oxide film.
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GOLD

Major component in gold alloys. Provides tarnish & corrosion resistance. Adds to colour and ease of casting. Contributes to ductility. Provides strength and density.
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COPPER Increases strength and hardness of alloy. Improves ductility. In excessive amount it reddens the alloy. If more than 20% copper tarnish and corrosion resistance is lowered.
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ZINC

Prevents oxygen absorption. Lower the melting range of alloy.

SILVER
Tends to whiten the alloy. Improves ductility. Increases hardness and strength. Reduces tarnish resistance. Gives green colour to porcelain when used with metal ceramic alloys.

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PLATINUM
Effective hardener of gold. Raises the melting point of alloy. Increases corrosion resistance. Whitens the alloy. Replaced by palladium due to high cost.

PALLADIUM
Increases tarnish resistance of silver. 1% palladium needed for 3% silver. Reduces the density of alloy Whitens the alloy.

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INDIUM, TIN & IRON

Harden the metal ceramic palladium alloys. Iron is most effective hardener. Ions of indium, tin and iron diffuse to the surface of alloy during firing of porcelain and adds a chemical bond to the metal ceramic bonding.
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Compensates for the decreased coefficient of thermal expansion that occurs due to lack of silver in metal ceramic alloy. Fine grain size in noble metal crown bridge alloys is obtained by adding small amounts of IRIDIUM RUTHENIUM or RHENIUM
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GALLIUM

Denture base metal alloys must have High modulus of elasticity. High elastic limit. CLASSIFICATION OF BASE METAL ALLOYS Cast Co-Cr alloys: used for making
Partial dentures. Crown and bridges. Removable metallic

restorations.

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Cast Ni-Cr alloys: Used for making

Partial dentures. Crowns and bridges. Removable metallic

restorations.

Stainless steel (wrought alloys) Used for making

Endodontic instruments. Orthodontic bands and

brackets. Preformed crowns.

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 Cobalt chromium

nickel alloys For making orthodontic wires. Nickel titanium alloys For making orthodontic wires. Beta titanium alloys For making orthodontic wires.

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INTRODUCTION Pure gold was very popular as a filling material prior to amalgam. Introduced in U.S.A by ROBERT WOOFENDALE in 1766 on his arrival from ENGLAND. However, its use became widespread in U.S.A only towards the beginning of 19th century.
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Gold is most noble of all metals. Rarely tarnishes in oral cavity. In pure form, gold is very soft (25 BHN) The properties of ductility, malleability & lack of oxide layer formation allows it to be used as a direct filling material. Currently, direct filling gold is not used as widely as it was used in the past.
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INDICATIONS Pits & small class I restorations. 2) For repair of casting margins. 3) For class II, class V & class VI restorations. 4) Repairing of perforated gold crowns
1)

CONTRAINDICATIONS Teeth with very large pulp chambers. 2) Periodontically weakened teeth. 3) Handicapped patients. 4) Root treated teeth.
1)

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TYPES Direct filling gold is based upon its physical form & manufacturing process. 1) Foil (Fibrous gold) Sheet

2) 3)

Rope. Cylinder. Laminates. Platinized. Electrolytic precipitate (Crystalline gold) Mat. Mat foil. Gold-calcium alloy. Granulated gold (Encapsulated powder)
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Cohesive. Non cohesive.

There are 3 processes involved

MANIPULATION OF DIRECT FILLING GOLD

1)

Desorbing or Degassing. Compaction.

Electric annealing. Flame desorption. Hand mallet. Pneumatic vibratory condensers. Electrically driven condensers.
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2)

3)

Finishing.

PROPERTIES OF COMPACTED GOLD 1) Strength. 2) Hardness. 3) Density. 4) Effect of voids. 5) Tarnish & corrosion. 6) Biocompatibility.
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ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

Tarnish & corrosion resistant. Good mechanical properties. Good biocompatibility.

Poor aesthetics. High coefficient of thermal expansion. Difficult to manipulate.

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THANK YOU
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