LIQUID LIQUID EXTRACTION

0.2

0.8

0.4

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.8

0.2

0.2

0.4 0.6 Mass fraction B

0.8

1.0

One phase region

Equilibrium tie line Two-phase region M
p

P a b

Liquid-liquid phase diagram where components A and B are partially miscible

SINGLE STAGE LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION PROCESS

EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONS
PHASE RULE
DEGREES OF FREEDOM=3; VARIABLES ARE TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE AND FOUR CONCENTRATIONS

TRIANGULAR COORDINATES AND EQUILIBRIUM DATA

EQUILATERAL TRIANGULAR COORDINATES ARE OFTEN USED TO REPRESENT THE EQUILIBRIUM DATA OF A THREE-COMPONENT SYSTEM.

SINGLE STAGE LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION PROCESS

EQUILIBRIUM DATA ON RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
Component C is plotted on the vertical axis and A on the horizontal axis. The concentration of B is obtained by difference

xB = 1.0 xA xC yB = 1.0 yA yC

Mass Fraction C (xC, yC)

Mass Fraction A (xA, yA)

Ether layer(extract) composition,yA

Water layer(raffinate) composition,xA

SINGLE STAGE LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION PROCESS

DERIVATION OF LEVER-ARM RULE FOR GRAPHICAL ADDITION OMB: V + L = M Component Balances: VyA + LxA = MxAM VyC + LxC = MxCM V, yA, yC M, xAM, xCM

L, xA, xC

SINGLE STAGE LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION PROCESS

L/V = (yA xAM) / (xAM xA) L/V = (yC xCM) / (xCM xC) (xCM xC)/ (xAM xA) = (xCM yC)/ (xAM yA) LEVER ARM RULE: L(Kg)/M(Kg) = VM/LM
xC xCM yC V M L

yA xAM xA

SINGLE STAGE LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION PROCESS

SINGLE-STAGE EQUILIBRIUM EXTRACTION V1 L0 V2 L2
C V2
V1 xC, yC M Tie line

xCM OMB: Lo + V2 = L1 + V1 = M Component Balances: Lo xAO + V2yA2 = L1xA1+ V1yA1 = MxAM B Lo xCO + V2yC2 = L1xC1+ V1yC1 = MxCM

L1 xAM xA, yA

LO

CONTINUOUS MULTISTAGE COUNTERCURRENT EXTRACTION

COUNTER CURRENT PROCESS AND OVERALL BALANCE solvent extract V1 V2 V3 Vn+1 VN Vn VN+1
1 2 n N

L0 feed

L1

L2

Ln-1

Ln

LN-1

LN
raffinate

OMB: Lo + VN+1 = LN + V1 = M Lo xCO + VN+1yCN+1 = LNxCN+ V1yC1 = MxCM

CONTINUOUS MULTISTAGE COUNTERCURRENT EXTRACTION

Operating point C VN+1 V2

V1 xC, yC

LN

L1

LO

xA, yA

CONTINUOUS MULTISTAGE COUNTERCURRENT EXTRACTION

MINIMUM SOLVENT RATE
If a solvent rate VN+1 is too low Infinite number of stages Intersection of tie line on line LN VN+1 nearest to VN+1 represents themin point for minimum solvent.

COUNTERCURRENT-STAGE EXTRACTION WITH IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

Solvent stream VN+1 contains A and C and feedstream L0 contains A and B B and C are relatively immiscible in each other. Then solute A is relatively dilute and is being transferred from L0 to VN+1. Operating Line

L(xo) V (yN+1) L(xN) V (y1) + = + (1 xo ) (1 yN+1) (1 xN ) (1 y1)

COUNTERCURRENT-STAGE EXTRACTION WITH IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

Equilibrium line

y1
Operating line

yN+1
xN
Mole fraction, x

x0

COUNTERCURRENT-STAGE EXTRACTION WITH IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

Limiting Solvent flows and optimum L/V ratios y2, max Equilibrium line Actual
Operating line

y2
Operating line for minimum Solvent flow

y1 x1 x2

COUNTERCURRENT-STAGE EXTRACTION WITH IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

Analytical equations for number of trays
x2 y1/m x1 y1/m ln (1/A)

ln N=

(1 A) + A

LIQUID SOLID LEACHING

LEACHING: SOLUTE/S CAN DIFFUSE FROM SOLID TO LIQUID PHASE. IF SOLUTE IS REMOVED FROM SOLID TO WATER WASHING

EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONS AND SINGLE STAGE LEACHING

Assumptions
Solute free solid is insoluble in the solvent Sufficient solvent present so that all solute in the entering solid can be dissolved into the liquid. Equilibrium is reached when the solute is dissolved No adsorption of solute by the solid

Underflow or slurry streamsolid liquid stream Overflow stream concentration of solute in liquid

EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONS AND SINGLE STAGE LEACHING

Equilibrium diagrams for leaching Concentration of inert solid B N = kgB/(kgA + kgC) = kg solid/ kg solution Compositions of A in the liquid Overflow liquid xA = kgA/(kgA + kgC) = kg solute/kg solution Liquid in slurry yA = kgA/(kgA + kgC) = kg solute/kg solution

EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONS AND SINGLE STAGE LEACHING underflow

N vs yA
Tie line
overflow A is infinitely soluble in solvent C

N vs yA N vs xA

N
0 1.0 xA, yA 1.0

N vs xA

N
Not all of A is dissolved Adsorption of A in solid 0 xA, yA

1.0

1.0
yA

yA

xA

1.0

xA

1.0

Single Stage Leaching

V (Kg/h) of overflow V1, x1 solution with composition xA. L (Kg/h) of liquid in L0, No, yo, B slurry solution with composition yA.
OMB: Lo + V2 = L1 + V1 = M Component Balances: Lo yAO + V2xA2 = L1yA1+ V1xA1 = MxAM B=N0Lo + 0= N1L1 + 0 = NM M

V2 , x 2 L2 L1, N1, y1, B

Single Stage Leachng

Material Balance
N vs yA

L1 L0
N NM V2 M V1
xA,M xA, yA

COUNTERCURRENT MULTISTAGE LEACHING

COUNTER CURRENT PROCESS AND OVERALL BALANCE Leaching solvent Exit overflow V1 V2 V3 Vn+1 VN Vn VN+1
1 2 n N

L0 L1 Feed solids

L2

Ln-1

Ln

LN-1

LN

OMB: Lo + VN+1 = LN + V1 Lo yO + VN+1xN+1 = LNyN+ V1x1

Leached solids

COUNTERCURRENT MULTISTAGE LEACHING

Operating line 1 yn+1 + Xn+1 = 1+(V1 L0)/Ln V1x1 L0x0 Ln + V1 L0

Variable underflow in countercurrent multistage leaching

Viscosity and density of solution change with solute A concentration Solids at lower numbered stages where solute concentration is high may retain more liquid solution than solids from higher numbered stages where solute concentration is dilute Liquid retained in the solids underflow will vary Slope of L varies from stage to stage

Variable underflow in countercurrent multistage leaching LN L2L1

L0 M

VN+1

V2 V1 xA, yA

Constant Underflow in countercurrent multistage leaching

Liquid LN retained in the underflow solids is constant from stage to stage. Plot of N versus yA is a horizontal straight line and N is constant. Operating line is a straight line when plotted as yA vs xA. Equilibrium line can also be straight with yA=xA Mc cabe-Thiel method is used to step off the number of stages Separate material and equilibrium balance is made for stage 1 to obtain L1 and V2.