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Introduction to Information Systems

Essentials for the Internetworked E-Business Enterprise
Eleventh Edition

James A. OBrien

Chapter

5
Data
Resource Management

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Copyright 2002, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

Chapter Objectives
Explain the importance of implementing data resource management processes and technologies in an organization. Outline the advantages of a database management approach to managing the data resources of a business. Explain how database management software helps business professionals and supports the operations and management of a business.

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James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

Chapter Objectives
Provide examples to illustrate each of the following concepts:
Major types of databases Data warehouses and data mining Logical data elements Fundamental database structures Database access methods Database development.

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James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

What is a database A database is any organized collection of data. Some examples of databases you may encounter in your daily life are:
a telephone book T.V. Guide airline reservation system motor vehicle registration records papers in your filing cabinet files on your computer hard drive.

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James A. OBrien

Data vs. information: What is the difference?

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

What is data?
Data can be defined in many ways. Information science defines data as unprocessed information.

What is information?
Information is data that have been organized and communicated in a meaningful manner. Data is converted into information, and information is converted into knowledge. Knowledge; information evaluated and organized so that it can be used purposefully.

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James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

Why do we need a database?

Keep records of our: Clients Staff Volunteers To keep a record of activities of the organization. Keep sales records; Develop reports; Perform research

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James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

What is the ultimate purpose of a database management system?

Is to transform
Data Information Knowledge Action

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James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

More about database definition

What is a database?
Quite simply, its an organized collection of data. A database management system (DBMS) such as Access, FileMaker, Lotus Notes, Oracle or SQL Server which provides you with the software tools you need to organize that data in a flexible manner. It includes tools to add, modify or delete data from the database, ask questions (or queries) about the data stored in the database and produce reports summarizing selected contents.

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James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

Logical Data Elements

Personnel Database
Payroll File Benefits File

Employee Record 1

Employee Record 2

Employee Record 3

Employee Record 4

Name Deptt. Salary Name Deptt. Salary Name Deptt. Salary Name Deptt. Salary
Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data

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James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

10

Database Management Systems

Operating System
Database Management

Database Management System Application Programs

Databases

Database Development Database Interrogation Database Maintenance Application Development

Data Dictionary

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James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

11

Major Types of Databases

External Databases on the Internet & Online Services

Distributed Databases on Intranets & Other Networks

Client PC or NC

Network Server

Operational Databases of the Organization

End User Databases

Data Warehouse

Data Mart

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Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

12

Types of Databases
Non-relational databases
Non-relational databases place information in field categories that we create so that information is available for sorting and disseminating the way we need it. The data in a nonrelational database, however, is limited to that program and cannot be extracted and applied to a number of other software programs, or other database files within a school or

administrative system. The data can only be "copied and pasted. Example: a spread sheet

Relational databases
In relational databases, fields can be used in a number of ways (and can be of variable length), provided that they are linked in tables. It is developed based on a database model that provides for logical connections among files (known as tables) by including identifying data from one table in another table

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Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

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Operational DB
An operational database is the database that is accessed and updated on a continual basis and usually handles the daily transactions for a business. Operational databases use an OLTP approach and are designed to be writeoptimized. On-Line Transaction Processing (OLTP) is the process in which systems facilitate and manage data entry and retrieval on a frequent basis. The transaction is almost immediately processed and is the main strategy of operational databases. An example of an OLTP system would be an ATM machine. The benefits of using OLTP is that it is fast and efficient and simplifies the process of accessing data. (Business Intelligence) On-Line Analytical Processing refers to systems that are used to answer analytical queries that are multi-dimension in approach. OLAP makes heavy use of data mining and relational reporting.

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Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

14

Warehouse management system

A warehouse management system, or WMS, is a key part of the supply chain and primarily aims to control the movement and storage of materials within a warehouse and process the associated transactions, including shipping, receiving, putaway and picking. The systems also direct and optimize stock putaway based on real-time information about the status of bin utilization. Warehouse management systems often utilize Auto ID data capture (AIDC) technology, such as barcode scanner, mobile computers, wireless LAN and potentially RFID to efficiently monitor the flow of products. Once data has been collected, there is either a batch synchronization with, or a real-time wireless transmission to a central database. The database can then provide useful reports about the status of goods in the warehouse. The objective of a warehouse management system is to provide a set of computerized procedures to handle the receipt of stock and returns into a warehouse facility, model and manage the logical representation of the physical storage facilities (e.g. racking etc.), manage the stock within the facility and enable a seamless link to order processing and logistics management in order to pick, pack and ship product out of the facility. Warehouse management systems can be stand alone systems, or modules of an ERP system or supply chain execution suite.
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James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

15

Data management Sub stem

A database management system (DBMS) is a software package with compute r programs that control the creation, maintenance, and use of a database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop databases for various applications by (DBAs) and other specialists. A database is an integrated collection of data records, files, and other objects. A DBMS allows different user application programs to concurrently access the same database. DBMSs may use a variety of database models, such as the relational model or object model, to conveniently describe and support applications. It typically supports query languages , which are in fact high-level programming languages, dedicated database languages that considerably simplify writing database application programs. Database languages also simplify the database organization as well as retrieving and presenting information from it. A DBMS provides facilities for controlling data access ,enforcing data integrity , managing and controlling concurrency control, and recovering the database after failures and restoring it from backup files, as well as maintaining database security.
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Introduction to Information Systems

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Data warehouse
In computing a data warehouse (DW or DWH) is a database used for reporting and analysis. The data stored in the warehouse are uploaded from the operational systems (such as marketplace, sales etc., shown in the figure to the right). The data may pass through an operations data for additional operations before they are used in the DW for reporting. A data mart is the access layer of the data warehouse environment that is used to get data out to the users. The data mart is a subset of the data warehouse which is usually oriented to a specific business line or team facts and dimensions . then they will be related. In some deployments, each department or business unit is considered the owner of its data mart including all the hardware, software and data.[1] This enables each department to use, manipulate and develop their data any way they see fit; without altering information inside other data marts or the data warehouse. In other deployments where conformed dimensions are used, this business unit ownership will not hold true for shared dimensions like customer, product, etc.

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Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

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DWH
Benefits of a data warehouse A data warehouse maintains a copy of information from the source transaction systems. This architectural complexity provides the opportunity to: Maintain data history, even if the source transaction systems do not. Integrate data from multiple source systems, enabling a central view across the enterprise. This benefit is always valuable, but particularly so when the organization has grown by merger. Improve data quality ,by providing consistent codes and descriptions, flagging or even fixing bad data. Present the organization's information consistently. Provide a single common data model for all data of interest regardless of the data's source. Restructure the data so that it makes sense to the business users. Restructure the data so that it delivers excellent query performance, even for complex analytic queries, without impacting the operational system.

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Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

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The term metadata is an ambiguous term which is used for two fundamentally different concepts. Although the expression "data about data" is often used, it does not apply to both in the same way. Structural metadata, the design and specification of data structures, cannot be about data, because at design time the application contains no data.

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James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

19

Data Warehouse and Data Mining

Operational Databases Data Management Subsystem
Client PC or NC

Data Acquisition Subsystem

Analytical Data Store Enterprise Warehouse Data Mart Metadata Directory Metadata Repository

Data Access and Delivery Subsystem

Warehouse Design Subsystem

Metadata Management Subsystem

Web Information System

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Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

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Web-Based Systems
The Internet Intranets Extranets
Web Browser Web Server Software Web Objects

Network Server

Client PCs or NCs

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HTML pages GIF image files Video files

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James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

21

Data Resource Management

Data Administration

Data Planning

Database Administration

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Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

22

Database Structures
Hierarchical Structure Dept Network Structure Dept A Dept B
Employee 3

Project A

Project B

Employee 1

Employee 2

Employee 1

Employee 2

Project A

Project B

Relational Structure
Dept A B C Dname Dloc Dmgr Empno 1 2 3 Ename Etitle Dept A B C

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Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

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Database Structures (cont)

Bank Account Object Attributes
Customer Balance

Denver West Feb East Actual

Sales TV VCR Margin TV VCR

Operations
Deposit Withdraw
Budget

Checking Account Savings Account Object Object Attributes Attributes

Credit Line Mthly Statement

Credit Line Mthly Statement

Operations

Calculate Interest Print Mthly Statement

Operations

Calculate Interest Print Mthly Statement

Multidimensional Database Structure

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Object-Oriented Database Structure

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James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

24

Accessing Files and Databases

Key Transformation
Key Fields Sequential Organization

URLs

Sequential Access Direct Access

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Indexed Sequential Access Method

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James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

25

Database Development
1. Data Planning Physical Models

Enterprise Model

5. Physical Design

2. Requirements Specifications

Logical Models

User Needs Description

4. Logical Design

3. Conceptual Design
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Data Models
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James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

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Chapter Summary
Data resource management is a critical management activity. Management roles include database administration, data planning, and data administration. Under the database management approach, data records are consolidated into databases that can be accessed by many different application programs, serving multiple users.

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James A. OBrien

Introduction to Information Systems

Eleventh Edition

27

Chapter Summary (cont)

Database management systems are software packages that simplify the creation, use, and maintenance of databases. Several types of databases are used by organizations including operational, distributed, external, data warehouses and data marts. Database development for large corporate databases requires a top-down planning effort involving planning, requirements specification and logical and physical design.
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