With Basic C Chapter 1

Data are raw facts and figures which are meaningless. Information are useful processed data.

Procedure is a logical sequence of actions, either consciously or subconsciously, to carry out a certain task or process. Elements of Procedure
Action the sequence of steps to be taken Order specifies the logical arrangement of the actions Data the elements operated upon by the action Language the medium of communication

Computer is an electronic device designed to manipulate data. Program is a set of instructions to carry out a particular task. Computer program is a set of instructions which directs computer to perform/carry out a particular task.

Operation define the series of actions to be

followed by the computer Order - specifies the logical arrangement of the operations Data - the elements operated upon by the operations Language the medium by which the operations are communicated

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Problem Analysis Program Design Program Coding Program Debugging and Testing Program Implementation and Maintenance

It is the step wherein a good definition of the problem are considered and the program specification are developed. Program specification is a document being prepared as a part of system design which contain the following:
Program Background I/O Specifications Program Methodology

It is the stage where logical sequence/ arrangement of operations for the solution have to be planned, consistent with the program specifications.

Algorithm is a written series of logical instructions which accomplish solution to a problem. Algorithms are developed by using any of the program design tools such as structure charts, flowcharts, decision table, pseudo codes, etc.

Commonly used program design tools:

Structure/hierarchy chart depicts the overall organization of a program, it shows how segments/modules are defined and how they relate to one another
Transaction_program

Input

Process

Output

Data Sort Compute

Report

Figure 1.1 Example of Structure/hierarchy chart

 Flowchart it shows graphical presentation of an algorithm - also known by other names such as block diagram, logic diagram, run diagram, flow diagram and system chart
Start

Print (Hello)

Stop

Figure 1.2 Example of Flowchart

 Decision table is a table showing the actions to be taken for different combinations of condition (conditions and actions) Pseudo codes it describes the logical flow of the solution to a problem through the use of English like statements (structured English)

Coding is the process of writing the actual program steps in the proper format for a particular programming language Factors that may affect the programming language used are:
Suitability Integration Standards Portability Development speed

Testing refers to the process of verifying the accuracy or workability of the program Debugging refer to the process of locating/identifying and correcting the errors in the program Two main types of errors:
Syntax error occurs when the programmer has not followed the rules of the programming language Logic error occurs when running a program produces incorrect results

Source code a computer program before it is compiled Object code the machine language version of the computer program generated after the program source code is compiled Compiler is a system special software which translates a programming language into machine language and assembles the program to check errors upon correct usage of programming language

It entails the preparation of a document describing how the program is constructed, together with all the significant resources surrounding its creation This phase is performed at every stage of the program development such that an output of each development stage is documented

It is the final stage of program development life cycle which involves running the system and updating the software as needed Program continually be modified or revised to cope with changes and persistently be useful.

Programming languages were developed to facilitate communication between the user and the computer. Programming Language Era
Machine Language Symbolic Language High level Language Fourth Generation Language

It is the only language that computer can understand which consists of a string of ones and zeros (1s and 0s) It is machine-dependent Computer ready to execute it

Assembly language/Language processor it enabled programmer to write instructions that used symbols, words or abbreviations which stand for certain operations Assembler it translate the language into machine language assembly

It is machine-dependent

Compiler/interpreter it is a special software which act as language translator for highlevel language It is machine independent The use of high-level language means lesser time in writing program

Some of the languages:

high-level

programming

Fortran (Formula Translation)

Lisp (List Processing)

Started in 1954 by IBM Laboratory It is a scientific language used in research applications or analysis of problems in science, engineering and sometimes in business Developed in 1958 Designed for the manipulation of symbols and patterns One of the most popular languages for Artificial Intelligence

 Cobol (Common Business Oriented Language)

PL/1 (Programming Language 1)

Developed in 1959 by USA Army Designed for administrative purposes and among its significant features are its file processing, editing, and I/O capabilities

Basic (Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

Developed in 1965 by John Chimney and Thomas Kurt at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA Described as conversational, procedure-oriented and general-purpose programming language

Developed in the middle of 1960s by IBM Characterized as general-purpose and procedural applicable to business as well as scientific applications

 Prolog (Programming in Logic)

Developed in 1972 A logic-language based on logical rewrite systems that can support artificial intelligence and expert system

Pascal
Named after Blaise Pascal, a brilliant 17th century mathematician Designed by Niklaus Wirth at the Institute fur Informatik in Zurich (1971) Intended as an instructional language

RPG (Report Program Generator)

Designed for programming business-oriented reports

 ADA
Named after Lady Ada Byron Conceptualized in 1974 by the US Department of Defense for military applications

C (Successor to B)
Designed by Dennis Ritchie during 1969 to 1971 One of the most powerful languages at all times which is very well structured, powerful, portable, and flexible

Smalltalk
Developed at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in 1972 An extreme object oriented language

 C++(C + 1 in the C language)

Developed in 1985 at AT&T Bell Laboratory by Bjarne Stroustrup One of the most popular object-oriented languages

Java
Developed in 1994 by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems Combination of C++ and Smalltalk, developed to be as portable as possible

It aims to make programming easier even to non-technical people Three categories Language: of Fourth Generation

Database and Query Languages Natural Languages Intelligent Languages

Sources: NCC Text de la Rosa, Jerald H., Simple Program Logic Formulation Fully Illustrated