Hazards, Risk and Ethics

Hazards, Risk and Ethics
Nor Mariah Adam, PhD PE Fakulti Kejuruteraan, UPMSerdang
HazardRisksEthics2010
Definitions

Incident: Happening, event Hazard: Something with potential to cause harm/danger Crisis: Touches all levels of society e.g. water crisis, economic crisis, affect emotions, stress, long term: weeks, years Risk: The likelihood that the danger from a particular hazard is realized Ethics: The science which treats nature and ground of moral obligations
Definitions
Directive MKN 20: Incident involving large number of loss of lives, extensive property destruction, with potential to affect public safety and security, not expected, affect routine activities
Prevention

Prepare Emergency Response Plan e.g. hysteria, food poisoning, pregnant staff Practice safety culture Duties of Safety Committee, OSHA 1984, CIMAH?
Hazard
Acronym USA Department of Justice: Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) B-NICE for biological, nuclear, incendiary, chemical and explosive incidents
Hazard
Biological: SARS, exotic diseases e.g. ibola, re-appearing e.g. smallpox, TB, anthrax involves insects, plants, birds, animals, human, bacteria Nuclear: radiation, natural e.g. radon daughters (half-life 2days), man-made e.g. X rays
Types of Hazard

Ergonomics e.g. repetitive movements, improper set-up of workstation Physical: radiation, magnetic fields, extreme pressure, noise, poor IAQ, extreme temperature Psychosocial: stress, violence Safety:slip/trip, inappropriate machine guard, equipment malfunction or breakdown
Hazard

Incendiary: Weapons of mass destruction Botox, sarin, Batu Pahat Jenalik 2000 JRA 1974: AIA Building
Mechanical Hazards

Common mechanical injuries: puncturing, cutting and tearing, shearing, straining etc Risk assessment in machine operation Machine guarding self assessment Feeding and ejection system Robot safeguards Control of hazardous energy (lockout/tag out)
Hazard of Temperature Extremes

Thermal comfort Heat stress and strain Cold stress Burns and their effects Chemical burns
10
Pressure Hazards

Sources of pressure hazards Boilers and pressure hazards High temperature water hazard Hazard of unfired pressure vessels Hazard of high pressure systems Cracking hazard in pressure vessels Pressure dangers to humans
11
Chemicals

Applications in buildings, plants, ship, port, aircraft, vehicles Not adequate to know dangerous, must how it is dangerous Meaning of unit e.g. ppm, LD50 dan MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) Entry through oral, skin, breathing
12
Chemicals

15 million chemicals (natural or man-made) 60,000 at work 2000 new chemicals each year 2000 fauna flora extinct
13
Hazard

Explosions: Pepper Carbide Terrorism: MKN Directive18 Public security : MKN Directive 19
14
e Crime 1995-1999 Malaysia

Cheat CC Breach Forge Palsu
Card
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 total RM m
2348 2321 3917 4840 4195 17621 1336
26 42 328 522 1100 2018 4460
1245 1288 1876 2521 2191 9121 2316
298 276 443 541 380 1938 194.9
368 364 115 139 152 1138 8.1
28 24 47 104 72 275 3.62
15
e Crimes

<1% computer fraud cases detected 90% crimes not reported Computer bank theft RM1.5 millions 25% Fortune 500 companies lost to e crime USD 2-10 millions Losses RM300m-500 b per year
16
Malaysian e Acts

Computer Crimes Act 1997 enforced 2000 Digital Signature Act 1997 enforced 2000 Telemedicine Act 1997 enforced 1999 Copyright (Amendment) Act 1997 enforced 1999 Communication & Multimedia Act 1998 enforced 1999
17
Regulations

Safety in Transportation, can not carry petrol/diesel in public transport Classification, Packaging and Labeling Regulations 1997 Use and Standards of Chemicals Hazardous to Health Regulations, 2000 Scheduled Waste Regulation 1989 Declaration of Dangerous Goods (DG)
18
Regulations

OSHA 1994 Environmental Quality Act 1974 Chemical Industry Major Accident Hazard Uniform Building By Law 1984
19
Regulations

Maritime Laws Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952 EQA 1974 Fisheries Act 1985 Continental Shelf Act 1966 Petroleum Mining Act 1966 MARPOL Protocol 1978 (pollution from ships) & OPRC 1990
20
Fire Safety

Prank calls > 1 million per year, Fire triangle Active fire protection fire extinguisher, hoses, sprinkler systems, PA system, control panel) Passive fire protection (compartmentation, means of egress, dead end limits) Prevention Unit
21
Fire Incidents

Long holidays, at night 12- 4 am Not enough water supply Hydrant has clearance <30 cm On alert when rainfall < 100mm a month, Bush fire 2 6 pm available elderly and children Fire extinguisher becomes a show piece
22
Building Regulations

Uniform Building By Laws 1984 Sarawak Building Ordinance 1994 Keutamaan adalah perlindungan nyawa Fire Services Act 1988 (341) berkuatkuasa 1 Januari, 1989, untuk pelabuhan, kapal (vessels) VTS- vessel traffic services
23
Quotation
We can never guarantee that our plans and intentions will not be thwarted by disaster. Even when we think we are as safe as can be, we can never disregard completely the possibility that some unforeseen destructive event may put us in danger, or upset our orderly everyday affairs. Sometimes we say such events occur because of bad luck or misfortune, implying that we are subject to external and unfathomable forces which we must accept, since we have no possibility of controlling or influencing them. Turner, 1998
24
Port

55,000 registered sailors in Malaysia, IMO/SOLAS Largest single plant in the world at MLNG Bintulu Dedicated berth first in the world 1962 Bintulu most modern and expensive port (RM700,000 min per call) Handling of dangerous goods DG Declaration of DG , associated goods VTS (Vehicle Traffic Surveillance) Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL)
25
Lock-up

Putrajaya, Cheras, Sentul, Brickfields, Gombak dan Petaling Jaya, Kajang, Ampang Safety Checklist Nebraska Jail Standards (1995), Prison Act 1955 (Act 537) Less drill, poor lighting Overcrowded
26
Rehabilitation Centers: Pusat Serenti

Graduates more knowledgeable on loop holes in the law 70% IPTA/IPTS students are female all over the world Security staff not aware on safety, use of PPE, CCTV, back-up, training and motivation
27
Vandalism
Tahun 1 2 1996 1997 Kos (RM) 350,750 Pusat Perlop Perak, Jelebu
3,399,430 Karangan Kedah, Besut, Jeli
3
4 5 6
1998
1999 2000 2001
968,915
Karak,Perlop, Perlop, Sg Petani, Jeli, Dengkil 1,015,930 Jerantut, Sg Ruan Pahang, Bt Mertajam, Perlop, Karak 500,000 Muar
1,536,900 Tampoi
28
Eco-tourism

Safety of tourists to follow international standards e.g hassle to ladies Grading of river Grading of accommodation Registration Embassy information Multi lingual tourist guide Toilets
29
Traffic

2 million cars enter KL, 1 million leaves KL Point duty Noise from vehicles, whistle No suitable PPE gloves, sunglasses Protection from oncoming cars Human rights
30
Greg 1996

Heavy floods, rain intensity1 in 100 years Handling of bodies, rubbish gloves Foreign unregistered workers, kind neighbors Non Muslim, different culture Basic needs of responders, debriefing
31
Longhouse

10-110 pintu One longhouse fire involves1000 persons Combustible materials Location away from main roads Elderly High fire load
32
MHI, NMHI Selangor

Major hazard installation Nom major hazard installation Illegal factories
33
Carnival

High occupancy (5,000 becomes 30,000) Basic needs: toilet, accommodation, tagging, traffic flow, registration, water supply, electrical supply, food, special diet, safety, rubbish, food poisoning, empty water bottles Food handling and food handlers: freezer, fridge Tent from combustible materials VIP
34
Modes for Hazard

Dormant: the situation has potential to be hazardous for environment Potential: hazard in position to affect persons, property or environment Mitigated: potential hazard has been identified but actions have been taken to control hazard
35
Understanding Hazard and Risks

Example of Hazard Electricity Risks likelihood harm will occur due to exposure to hazard Worker may be electrocuted due to exposure to inadequately insulated wire Worker can suffer back strain from lifting Suffer from CO poisoning because using petrol operated pump in a well
40 kg bag Carbon monoxide CO
36
Mitigation

worst scenario becomes IAP (incident action plan) Add SOP (standard operating procedure) and ICS (IC cannot FLOP) Combination becomes ERP (emergency response planning)
37
IAP + ICS = ERP
IAP = Incident action plan (primary, secondary) ICS = Incident Command System (written emergency management) ERP= emergency response planning
38
Scenario

Plane landed in the streest on an Indonesian pregnant woman Sg Buluh Hazardous chemicals flowed into e.g. Rhine River Flash flood: safe to stay in the car?
39
Integrated Mitigation

Directive MKN 20 integrated multi-agency approach for: Natural disaster: e.g.storm, landslide, drought flash flood Industrial disaster e.g.explosion Bright Sparklers,fire, CIMAH Transportation: road traffic, river, maritime, air transport
40
Directive MKN 20

DG Building collapse, special structure Aviation accident Rail accident Open fire Dam burst, gas release, nuclear, haze (API>300)
41
Disaster Stages

Incubation Stage/ Pre- Disaster Turning Point Disaster Occurs, reaches peak Towards normalcy Post Disaster
42
What next?
Use ICS- Incident Command System, international standard based on Californian forest fire IC (Incident Commander) cannot FLOP (finance, logistics, operations, planning) Snowball effect: 1 s require 1 bucket water air, 10 mins requires 1 fire engine, 1 hour late nothing
43
MKN 20?

For all premise/ factory/ office lanjutan Fire Act 341 1988 effective February 2006: ERT JKKP (OSHA 1994)
44
ICS
Incident Commander Chief
-
Safety officer Liaison Officer (LO) LO for VVIPs One for 5-7 items According to expertise
45
Incident Commander Safety Officer Spokesperson Finance Subordinate Logistics Subordinate Subordinate Liaison Officer Information Officer Operations Planning Subordinate
Subordinate
Subordinate
Subordinate
Subordinate
46
MKN Levels
MKN Level 1 District level (> 2 mukim) (DO, OCPD) MKN Level 2 State level (> 2 districts) (MB, KP) MKN Level 3 National level (> 2 states) (PM atau wakil, SUK, IGP) e.g. Tsunami Kota Kuala Muda, Aceh, Head Operations Bomba except biological nature or no PPE e.g. anthrax
47
Operations

Hot zone red Warm zone orange Green zone One entry/exit: tag in tag out Accountability
48
ERP components

Mission, objective Accountability and authority Distribution of plan Supplies MoU with suppliers e.g.warehouse, lorries, face mask, blankets, mobile toilets, first aid kits, gloves, medicine Register volunteers, experts data list Location data Hazard evaluation
49
ERP Components

Reporting procedure Evacuation procedure Mitigation procedure Special procedure e.g. President, OKU Equipment shutdown Normal operations Training, record
50
Hazard Identification

Common during long weekend holidays Back track event Identify incubation period Retard incident growth Probability of incident Effect of incident
51
Competent Authorities

Identification and hazard analysis conducted in systematic way ERP management to relevant authorities ERP elements practiced and drills conducted
52
ERP

Development ERP Tabletop excercise Improve ERPdrill annually or every 6 months for different scenario Frequency Commitment from top management
53
Safety

PPE (personal protective equipment) e.g. tag in tag out, (near miss), improve habits No replacement for LIFE
54
Safety Audit

Electrical fault (overload, arching) Chemical Biological General safety Fire prevention Natural disaster potential
55
Safety: TB, HIV victims

Use disposable gloves During CPR use disposable pocket mask Medical garbage e.g.blood, vomit, pus disposed according to Act EQA 1974 Please be kind to yourself first
56
Training and drill

Chemical properties (toxicity) Reporting procedure in emergency Know the trigger system Location fire protection system and how to use it PPE, BA Procedure leaving scene, debriefing, declaration end of exercise Frequency Reporting Lessons learnt
57
Data

Data analysis e.g. weather, height of water level at river, dam Applications for handling DG Static electricity Control of relative humidity Public domain: internet, tv
58
Fail to plan Plan to FAIL

Plan
your work, work your plan
59
Something to Ponder

Develop procedure : 12 months Check procedure: 1 month Destroy procedure : 1 day Message:dont GIVE UP
60

Hazards, Risk and Ethics

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Hazards, Risk and Ethics

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Hazards, Risk and Ethics

Nor Mariah Adam, PhD PE Fakulti Kejuruteraan, UPMSerdang

Hazard of Temperature Extremes

e Crime 1995-1999 Malaysia

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 total RM m

2348 2321 3917 4840 4195 17621 1336

26 42 328 522 1100 2018 4460

1245 1288 1876 2521 2191 9121 2316

298 276 443 541 380 1938 194.9

368 364 115 139 152 1138 8.1

28 24 47 104 72 275 3.62

Rehabilitation Centers: Pusat Serenti

3,399,430 Karangan Kedah, Besut, Jeli

MHI, NMHI Selangor

Major hazard installation Nom major hazard installation Illegal factories

Modes for Hazard

Understanding Hazard and Risks

40 kg bag Carbon monoxide CO

IAP + ICS = ERP

Safety: TB, HIV victims

Training and drill

Fail to plan Plan to FAIL

your work, work your plan

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