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Momentum Applications in Open

Channel Flow
Thanks to Prof. SJWright, UM, for animations
Momentum
( )
s s
mv F A =
Basic relationship in mechanics:
Sum of forces in the
s direction
Change in momentum in
the s direction
mass
Velocity in the s
direction
Momentum cont.
For a constant mass and a per unit width
consideration: (rectangular channel)
( ) ( )
1 2
v v q mv
s
= A
Momentum forces Open Channel
Application
v
2
v
1
P
1
P
2
W
O
WsinO
R
f
L
f 2 1 s
R P sin W P F u + =
Momentum Forces cont.
R
f
is the frictional resistance.
P
1
and P
2
are pressure forces per unit width given
by:
2
y
P
2

=
Momentum contd.
Combining terms we get:
) v v ( q R sin W
2
y
2
y
1 2 f
2
2
2
1
= u +

Momentum cont.
Considering a short section so that R
f
is negligible
and the channel slope is small so that sinO is near
zero the equation can be written as:
2
2
2
1
2
1
qv
2
y
qv
2
y
+

= +

or
M
g
qv
2
y
g
qv
2
y
2
2
2 1
2
1
= + = +
Momentum cont.
M is called the momentum function or the
specific force plus momentum.
For a constant q, M can be plotted against
depth to create a curve similar to the
specific energy curve.
Under steady conditions, M is constant from
point to point along a channel reach.
Specific force plus momentum
curve.
M
c
y
y
c
M
M

y
1
y
2
q
1
q
2
y = y
c
Momentum cont.
v
2
v
1
y
1
y
2
1
2
M
g
qv
2
y
g
qv
2
y
2
2
2 1
2
1
= + = +
q = q
1
= q
2

Hydraulic Jump as an application of
Momentum Equation (p. 458-465 text)
Lab Jump in Flume (Right to
Left)
Hydraulic Jump in a Sink?
http://www.eng.vt.edu/fluids/msc/gallery/waves/sink.htm

Hydraulic Jumps
Occurs when there is a sudden transition
from supercritical (y < y
c
) to subcritical (y >
y
c
) flow.
Examples of where this may occur are :
At the foot of a spillway
Where a channel slope suddenly turns flat.
In analyzing hydraulic jumps we assume
there is conservation of momentum, i.e. :
2
2 2
2
1
2 2
1
gy
q
2
y
gy
q
2
y
+ = +
We can algebraically manipulate this to find:
( ) 1 F 8 1
2
1
y
y
2
1
1
2
+ =
( ) 1 F 8 1
2
1
y
y
2
2
2
1
+ =
y
1
is known as the initial depth and is < y
c

(supercritical flow).
y
2
is known as the sequent depth and is > y
c

(subcritical flow).
The energy loss in a hydraulic jump can be
found by:
( )
2 1
3
1 2
1
y y 4
y y
E

=
g
y V y y
y
1
2
1
2
1 1
2
2
2 2
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Example
Example 3.18, Streeter, et al.
If 12 m
3
/sec of water per meter of width flows down a
spillway onto a horizontal floor and the velocity is 20
m/sec, determine (a) the downstream depth required to
cause a hydraulic jump, (b) the loss in energy head, and
(c) the losses in power by the jump per meter of width.
Solution for depth, losses, power
lost


kW m m m N losses Q m power
N mN losses
m
1659 ) 1 . 14 sec)( / 12 )( / 9806 ( ) ( /
/ 1 . 14
) 7 . 6 )( 6 . 0 ( 4
) 6 . 0 7 . 6 (
7 . 6
806 . 9
) 6 . 0 )( 20 ( 2
3 . 0 3 . 0
3 3
3
2
2
= = =
=

=
= + + =

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