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Work Sampling
A technique that discovers the proportions of total time that various activities contribute to the job by taking a relatively large # of observations at random intervals Used to determine: production standards, machine and personnel utilization, and job allowances. Typically faster and cheaper than other techniques
Theory
Probability based on the binomial distribution (p + q)n = 1 Mean = np, Variance = npq As n becomes large, the binomial distribution approaches the normal distribution This proportion has distribution of Mean = p, Variance = pq/n
Theory
There are many sources of tabulated data for determining the # of samples required at various confidence levels and accuracys. Formula for calculation purposes simplifies to: n = Z2(1-P)(P)/(L2)
L N
0.01 5644
0.05 225.76
0.1 56.44
Data are taken from Random Table(Methods Standards and Work Design(by Benjamin Niebel and A. Freivalds))
2nd day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 70 90 130 180 200 220 240 290 570 2 60 100 160 350 370 380 440 460 530 3 100 120 230 310 320 340 390 520 520 4 20 40 60 250 320 330 340 370 380 5 50 70 90 210 250 270 280 350 470
3rd day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 150 220 230 280 360 390 410 420 520 2 20 30 60 100 130 210 300 330 560 3 40 50 100 150 160 200 220 240 320 4 50 80 90 170 240 250 450 470 480 5 50 90 220 280 310 340 360 440 450
4th day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 80 90 160 220 330 440 460 540 560 2 40 90 90 130 180 210 290 380 520 3 30 50 90 130 180 260 410 430 580 4 70 150 270 270 280 300 310 380 490 5 50 60 90 110 120 150 220 440 470
5th day 7 5 1 2 9 8 3 4 6 1 20 40 100 280 280 310 340 360 470 2 150 210 270 370 410 460 470 540 570 3 60 140 180 210 230 420 450 500 530 4 80 100 130 130 150 230 340 430 570 5 60 170 210 220 230 410 430 500 540
Classrooms
Posting
Garden
Offices
Stairs
Floor
5 6 5 7 4
1 1 3 1
2 1 1 1 1
1 1
Total
9 9 9 9 9
Labs
WC
idle
DINNER
DINNER
W3 (Heart beat:76) Floor Cleaning 3.219 3.125 2.987 3.456 3.265 Mean 3.2104 St. Dev. 0.17362 W4 (Heart Beat:72) Floor Cleaning 3.012 2.609 3.751 2.501 2.982 Mean 2.971 St. Dev. 0.490445 W5 postman(Heart Beat:85) Posting 5.156 5.002 4.98 5.236 5.128 Mean 5.1004 St. Dev. 0.107726
W.T: 9H 45 M
At rest 0.658 0.517 0.576 0.682 0.542 0.595 0.072097 W.T: 9H At rest 2.502 2.402 2.308 2.568 2.654 2.4868 0.13596
W.T: 9H 45 M
WORKERS' OTHER PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES W3 15 minutes walking for bus stop to go to work 1-1.5 hours walking for spare times W4 20 minutes walking for bus stop to go to work W5 30 minutes pysical exercise before sleeping 1 hour working for extra time
23.5 141
26
46 92
WORKER 3 DAILY CALORY CONSUMPTION 9H 45M= 585 MINUTES %56 IDLE %33 FLOOR CLEANING %11 GARDENING 1H 45M other activities 12.5 H at home MINUTES 327.6 193.05 64.35 105 750 CAL.CONS TOTAL CAL. 1.1496 3.2104 2.6328 376.6 619.8 169.42 164.5 862.2 2192.52
1.1496 TOTAL
WORKER 4 DAILY CALORY CONSUMPTION 9H 45M= 585 MINUTES %78 IDLE %11 FLOOR CLEANING %11 GARDENING 20 M other activities 13H 55M at home MINUTES 456.3 64.35 64.35 20 835 CAL.CONS TOTAL CAL. 0.595 2.971 2.1388 271.5 191.183 137.63 26 496.825 1123.14
0.595 TOTAL
WORKER 5 DAILY CALORY CONSUMPTION 9H = 540 MINUTES %44 IDLE %45 POSTING 11% LAB RES. 30 M exercise 1 H extra working 13.5 H at home MINUTES 237.6 243 59.4 30 60 810 CAL.CONS TOTAL CAL. 2.4868 5.1004 4.8916 590.863 1239 290.56
PRE-RESULTS
CALORY GAIN W3 W4 W5 2126 2601 1200 CALORI CONSUMPTION 2193 1123 4273
QUESTION 1
Cleaners sustain a high frequency of back, shoulder, neck, arm and hand injuries. This was verified through a review of Workers' Compensation statistics, consultation with cleaners and a review of the literature. What are the factors that build the risk for cleaners and cleaning in ergonomic means?
Postures required by tasks Duration and frequency of tasks Weights handled Equipment design Work organization issues
QUESTION 2
Which suggestions can be made for improvement in the design of cleaning work, workplace and equipment?
Maintenance and replacement for powered and non-powered equipment Improvement of the interface between schools and cleaners
Condition of garbage bins Condition of classrooms Relationship between cleaners, students and management
NOTE: Questions & answers are prepared according to Christine Aickin`s Paper that has the topic `Ergonomic Assessment (Manual Handling) Of Cleaning Work`